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新型电力系统需求侧灵活性资源低碳协同优化研究综述
华昊辰, 张洲赫, 邹奕群, 余昆, 甘磊, 陈星莺, 刘迪, 李冰, 张冲标, Pathmanathan Naidoo
电力建设 ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (6) : 60-75.
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新型电力系统需求侧灵活性资源低碳协同优化研究综述
Review of Low-Carbon Co-Optimization Research on Demand-Side Flexibility Resources for New Power Systems
【目的】降低碳排放是应对全球气候变化挑战的关键措施之一。尽管碳排放由能源供应侧直接产生，但需求侧才是驱使供应侧产生碳排放的根源。因此，从需求侧角度出发，通过对需求侧灵活性资源进行调节以实现绿色低碳用能尤为重要。在新型电力系统低碳优化运行过程中，各个设备碳排放的精确计量是评估其优化调节所产生碳减排效益的必要前提，高不确定性资源稳定聚合与边际碳减排效益的准确建模是低碳优化的重要支撑，对经济性和碳减排目标一致性区间变化机理的认知是低碳优化的客观要求，合理的市场运行机制、用户行为模型、价格形成机制是激励海量需求侧灵活性资源主动参与低碳优化的机制保障。【方法】为此，挖掘需求侧的灵活性调节能力，聚焦需求侧资源利用关键技术，从需求侧灵活性资源碳排放计量、灵活性资源聚合与可调节潜力评估、灵活性资源接入的新型电力系统低碳优化运行、灵活性资源参与的电碳耦合市场四个方面回顾现有研究，并指明当前研究存在的不足，展望未来解决这些不足的可能研究方向。【结论】文章为相关研究者提供了一个迅速理解本研究领域重要概念和最新成果的指南，推动需求侧灵活性资源碳排放计量、资源聚合与可调节潜力评估、优化策略及市场机制等方面的创新。
[Objective] Reducing carbon emissions is a key measure in addressing the global challenge of climate change. While carbon emissions are generated directly on the energy supply side， demand drives carbon emissions on the supply side， thus making it particularly important to regulate demand-side flexible resources from a demand-side perspective to achieve green and low-carbon energy use. During optimal low-carbon operation of the new power system， accurate measurement of carbon emissions from various devices is a prerequisite for regulatory benefit calculations. Accurate modeling of the stable aggregation of high-uncertainty resources with marginal carbon reduction benefits is crucial for low-carbon optimization. Understanding the change mechanism in a region where the two goals of the economy and carbon emission reduction are consistent is an objective requirement for low-carbon optimization. The reasonable design of the market operation mechanism， user behavior model， and price formation mechanism motivates massive demand-side flexibility resources to actively participate in low-carbon optimization. [Methods] This study explores flexible regulation capabilities on the demand side， focusing on key technologies for utilizing demand-side resources， and reviews existing research from four perspectives： 1） carbon emission measurement of flexible demand-side resources， 2） aggregation and adjustable potential assessment of these resources， 3） low-carbon optimization of new power systems incorporating flexible resources， and 4） participation of flexible resources in electricity-carbon coupled markets. Finally， this study identifies current research gaps and outlines potential future research directions to address these deficiencies. [Conclusions] This study provides readers with a concise guide to quickly grasp the key concepts and latest achievements in this research field， thereby driving innovation in areas such as carbon emission quantification of demand-side flexibility resources， resource aggregation， adjustable-potential assessment， optimization strategies， and market mechanisms.
新型电力系统 / 需求侧灵活性资源 / 低碳运行 / 碳减排潜力
new power system / demand side flexibility resources / low carbon operation / carbon reduction potential
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低碳化已成为电力发展的重要目标，利用需求侧资源缓解发电企业减排压力是一种科学经济的低碳化路径。面向综合能源服务商新型项目，引入电力煤耗系数构建了计及电源结构的碳减排量评估模型，并利用节点电力煤耗系数指导下的实时零售电价，建立了计及碳价值的综合能源服务商和柔性负荷项目用户的主从博弈模型。设计了一种捆绑合作机制，将综合能源服务商引入面向区域火电机组的低碳调度中，并将综合能源服务商和电力系统调度进行一体化优化。算例分析了一体化优化在减排和经济方面的定量指标，验证了文章提出的发电企业低碳化路径的可行性。
Low-carbonization has become an important goal of electric power development. The use of resources on the demand side to ease the pressure on the emission reduction of power generation enterprises is a scientific and economic low-carbon path. For new type projects of integrated energy service provider (IESP)， an evaluation model for carbon emission reduction considering power source structure is established by the coal consumption coefficient of electricity (CCCE). A Stackelberg model between IESP and users of flexible projects is implemented by the real-time retail price under the guidance of node CCCE. A bundled cooperation mechanism is designed to introduce IESP into the low-carbon dispatching of regional thermal units and integrated optimization. The quantitative indicators of integrated optimization in emission reduction and economy are analyzed， and the feasibility of low-carbon path for power generation enterprises is verified.
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随着光伏（photovoltaic，PV)发电的大力发展和上网补贴的逐步下调，就近消纳的优势得以显现，这促进了分布式发电的市场化交易 (market trading for distributed generation, MTDG)。MTDG的发、用电双方都在电网末端，具有参与主体数量大、单笔交易规模小、点对点等特点。传统的中心化交易模式存在透明度低、成本高、效率低下、数据不可信等问题，不适合MTDG。区块链技术具有去中心化、不可篡改、匿名等特点，满足MTDG的需要，能够提升这种交易的安全性、自主性、透明性等。在此背景下，文章将区块链技术引入MTDG，针对MTDG的特点，构建了相应的交易机制、结算机制和奖惩机制。最后，采用算例对所发展的MTDG机制进行了说明。
With the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) power generation and the gradual downward subsidies, the advantages of satisfying load demand by local generation supply are becoming more and more significant, and market trading for distributed generation (MTDG) is then promoted. In MTDG, both power generation and load demand are located at the end of the utility grid, with some features exhibited including numerous participating entities, small transaction sizes, and point-to-point transactions. The traditional centralized transaction model suffers some problems such as low transparency, high cost, low efficiency, and untrustworthy data, and is not suitable for MTDG. Blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization, non-tampering, and anonymity, and can well meet the needs of MTDG for improved security, autonomy and transparency of electricity transactions. Given this background, the blockchain technology is applied in MTDG, and the corresponding trading mechanism, settlement mechanism and reward and punishment mechanism are developed considering the characteristics of MTDG. Finally, an example is employed to demonstrate the developed MTDG mechanism.
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