能源互联网背景下电网备用问题探索

doi:10.12204/j.issn.1000-7229.2021.05.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

能源互联背景下,可再生能源发电的增长与交直流特高压互联是我国电网的重要发展趋势,使得系统的事故备用与净负荷功率波动的备用需求显著增加。同时,负荷侧、储能及网间备用资源将成为传统常规电源备用的重要补充。国内当前基于“两个细则”的辅助服务分类与管理模式将难以适应未来电网运行备用的管理需求。为此,文章提出了基于功率平衡控制过程的备用分类,明确了各类备用的响应时间与持续提供时间,从而有效兼容源、网、荷、储各类备用资源,并对各类资源可提供的备用类型进行了讨论。文章进一步提出了市场化的备用组织建议,并讨论了新备用体系的实施所面临的若干问题。

关键词: 备用体系, 能源互联网, 新能源, 储能备用, 负荷侧备用, 市场化备用

Abstract:

Under the background of energy Internet, the power grid in China is witnessing an increasing penetration level of renewable energy power generation and the AC/DC ultra-high voltage (UHV) interconnection between regional power grids, which increases greatly the system reserve requirement for contingency and system power fluctuation. At the same time, reserve sources from demand side and energy storage will become important complement to conventional generators. The current management mode of ancillary service categorization and management based on "two rules" can hardly satisfy management requirements of future power grid reserve services. In this respect, a new reserve categorization system is proposed for the energy internet from the perspective of controlling process. The response time and duration requirements are specified. The new reserve categorization system is compatible with diversified reserve sources from generators, networks, loads, and energy storage. The types of reserve services they can provide are also discussed. The corresponding market-oriented reserve configuration suggestions and related problems to implement the new reserve system are put forward.

Key words: reserve system, energy Internet, renewable energy system, energy storage reserve, demand-side reserve, market-based reserve

中图分类号:

TM61

李晓萌, 张忠, 赵华, 饶宇飞, 张振安, 朱全胜, 吕泉. 能源互联网背景下电网备用问题探索[J]. 电力建设, 2021, 42(5): 57-68.

LI Xiaomeng, ZHANG Zhong, ZHAO Hua, RAO Yufei, ZHANG Zhenan, ZHU Quansheng, Lü Quan. Research on Reserve Services of the Power Grid Under the Background of Energy Internet[J]. ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION, 2021, 42(5): 57-68.

图/表 4

表1 英国频率响应与备用产品

Table 1 Frequency response and reserve products in the UK

图1 各个国家和地区电网辅助服务对比

Fig.1 Ancillary services in different countries and regions

图2 能源互联网中的新增备用资源划分

Fig.2 New reserve resources in the energy internet

图3 新型备组织结构

Fig.3 Management structure of new reserve services

参考文献 75

[1]	SEZGIN S. The third industrial revolution: How lateral power is transforming energy, the economy, and the world[J]. Turkish Journal of Business Ethics, 2018,11(1).
[2]	董朝阳, 赵俊华, 文福拴, 等. 从智能电网到能源互联网: 基本概念与研究框架[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2014,38(15):1-11. doi: 10.7500/AEPS20140613007 URL
	DONG Zhaoyang, ZHAO Junhua, WEN Fushuan, et al. From smart grid to energy Internet: Basic concept and research framework[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2014,38(15):1-11. doi: 10.7500/AEPS20140613007 URL
[3]	丁涛, 牟晨璐, 别朝红, 等. 能源互联网及其优化运行研究现状综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2018,38(15):4318-4328.
	DING Tao, MU Chenlu, BIE Zhaohong, et al. Review of energy Internet and its operation[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2018,38(15):4318-4328.
[4]	孙宏斌, 郭庆来, 潘昭光. 能源互联网: 理念、架构与前沿展望[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2015,39(19):1-8.
	SUN Hongbin, GUO Qinglai, PAN Zhaoguang. Energy Internet: Concept, architecture and frontier outlook[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2015,39(19):1-8.
[5]	张宁, 王毅, 康重庆, 等. 能源互联网中的区块链技术:研究框架与典型应用初探[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2016,36(15):4011-4022.
	ZHANG Ning, WANG Yi, KANG Chongqing, et al. Blockchain technique in the energy Internet: Preliminary research framework and typical applications[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2016,36(15):4011-4022.
[6]	马经纬, 李卫东, 刘建涛, 等. 新形势下我国运行备用分类体系的设计[C]// 中国电机工程学会电力市场专业委员会2018年学术年会暨全国电力交易机构联盟论坛论文集. 上海:中国电机工程学会, 2018: 271-279.
[7]	孙宏斌. 能源互联网[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2020.
[8]	郑秀波, 夏春, 林勇, 等. 中国电网运行事故备用标准建议[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2018,42(1):151-159.
	ZHENG Xiubo, XIA Chun, LIN Yong, et al. Suggestion on operation contingency reserve standards for power grid of China[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2018,42(1):151-159.
[9]	赵云丽, 吕泉, 朱全胜, 等. 风电并网后系统备用的相关问题综述[J]. 可再生能源, 2015,33(4):565-571.
	ZHAO Yunli, LV Quan, ZHU Quansheng, et al. Overview on issues related to reserve capacity by wind power connected to the grid[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2015,33(4):565-571.
[10]	喻洁, 刘云仁, 杨家琪, 等. 美国加州辅助服务市场发展解析及其对我国电力市场的启示[J]. 电网技术, 2019,43(8):2711-2717.
	YU Jie, LIU Yunren, YANG Jiaqi, et al. Analysis of development of California ancillary service market and its enlightenment to China’s power market[J]. Power System Technology, 2019,43(8):2711-2717.
[11]	Ancillary services report 2017[R]. Energy UK, 2017.
[12]	LIU C, DU P W. Participation of load resources in day-ahead market to provide primary-frequency response reserve[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2018,33(5):5041-5051. doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.59 URL
[13]	张楠, 黄越辉, 刘德伟, 等. 考虑风电接入的电力系统备用容量计算方法[J]. 电力系统及其自动化学报, 2016,28(3):6-10.
	ZHANG Nan, HUANG Yuehui, LIU Dewei, et al. Reserve capacity calculation of power system considering wind power integration[J]. Proceedings of the CSU-EPSA, 2016,28(3):6-10.
[14]	汪泳涛, 赵健. 电力市场环境下含风电电力系统旋转备用优化[J]. 电网与清洁能源, 2017,33(7):123-128.
	WANG Yongtao, ZHAO Jian. Optimal spinning reserve of power system with wind power penetrated under power market environment[J]. Power System and Clean Energy, 2017,33(7):123-128.
[15]	刘兴宇, 温步瀛, 江岳文. 基于条件风险价值的含风电电力系统旋转备用效益研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2017,32(9):169-178.
	LIU Xingyu, WEN Buying, JIANG Yuewen. Study on the benefit from spinning reserve in wind power integrated power system based on conditional value at risk[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2017,32(9):169-178.
[16]	薛禹胜, 罗运虎, 李碧君, 等. 关于可中断负荷参与系统备用的评述[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2007,31(10):1-6.
	XUE Yusheng, LUO Yunhu, LI Bijun, et al. A review of interruptible load participating in system reserve[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2007,31(10):1-6.
[17]	HAN B, LU S F, XUE F, et al. Day-ahead electric vehicle aggregator bidding strategy using stochastic programming in an uncertain reserve market[J]. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2019,13(12):2517-2525.
[18]	KONDA S R, PANWAR L K, PANIGRAHI B K, et al. Optimal offering of demand response aggregation company in price-based energy and reserve market participation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2018,14(2):578-587. doi: 10.1109/TII.2017.2726191 URL
[19]	TANG Z, LIU Y K, WU L, et al. Reserve model of energy storage in day-ahead joint energy and reserve markets: A stochastic UC solution[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2021,12(1):372-382. doi: 10.1109/TSG.5165411 URL
[20]	广东调频辅助服务市场交易规则(试行)[R]. 南方能源监管局, 2018.
[21]	吕颖, 孙树明, 汪宁渤, 等. 大型风电基地连锁故障在线预警系统研究与开发[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2014,42(11):142-147.
	LÜ Ying, SUN Shuming, WANG Ningbo, et al. Study and development of on-line cascading fault early-warning system for large-scale wind power base[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2014,42(11):142-147.
[22]	陈国平, 李明节, 许涛, 等. 关于新能源发展的技术瓶颈研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017,37(1):20-27.
	CHEN Guoping, LI Mingjie, XU Tao, et al. Study on technical bottleneck of new energy development[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017,37(1):20-27.
[23]	ATHARI M H, WANG Z F. Impacts of wind power uncertainty on grid vulnerability to cascading overload failures[J]. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2018,9(1):128-137. doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2718518 URL
[24]	ZHANG Z Y, DU E S, ZHU G P, et al. Modeling frequency response dynamics in power system scheduling[J]. Electric Power Systems Research, 2020,189:106549. doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106549 URL
[25]	韩冰, 姚建国, 於益军, 等. 负荷主动响应应对特高压受端电网直流闭锁故障的探讨[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2016,40(18):1-6.
	HAN Bing, YAO Jianguo, YU Yijun, et al. Discussion on active load response at receiving end power grid for mitigating UHVDC blocking fault[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2016,40(18):1-6.
[26]	罗纯坚, 李姚旺, 许汉平, 等. 需求响应不确定性对日前优化调度的影响分析[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2017,41(5):22-29.
	LUO Chunjian, LI Yaowang, XU Hanping, et al. Influence of demand response uncertainty on day-ahead optimization dispatching[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2017,41(5):22-29.
[27]	常方宇, 黄梅, 张维戈. 分时充电价格下电动汽车有序充电引导策略[J]. 电网技术, 2016,40(9):2609-2615.
	CHANG Fangyu, HUANG Mei, ZHANG Weige. Research on coordinated charging of electric vehicles based on TOU charging price[J]. Power System Technology, 2016,40(9):2609-2615.
[28]	代家强. 面向工商业负荷的智能用电能量管理建模及优化研究[D]. 天津: 天津大学, 2014.
	DAI Jiaqiang. Study on intelligent energy management modeling and optimization of electricity for commercial and industrial loads[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2014.
[29]	PATERAKIS N G, ERDINC O, BAKIRTZIS A G, et al. Load-following reserves procurement considering flexible demand-side resources under high wind power penetration[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2015,30(3):1337-1350. doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2347242 URL
[30]	HU J Q, CAO J D, CHEN M Z Q, et al. Load following of multiple heterogeneous TCL aggregators by centralized control[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2017,32(4):3157-3167. doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.59 URL
[31]	KAUR K, SINGH M, KUMAR N. Multiobjective optimization for frequency support using electric vehicles: An aggregator-based hierarchical control mechanism[J]. IEEE Systems Journal, 2019,13(1):771-782. doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2017.2771948 URL
[32]	HU J Q, CAO J D, GUERRERO J M, et al. Improving frequency stability based on distributed control of multiple load aggregators[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2017,8(4):1553-1567. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2015.2491340 URL
[33]	WECKX S, D’HULST R, DRIESEN J. Primary and secondary frequency support by a multi-agent demand control system[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2015,30(3):1394-1404. doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2340582 URL
[34]	KRISHNAMURTHY D, UCKUN C, ZHOU Z, et al. Energy storage arbitrage under day-ahead and real-time price uncertainty[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2018,33(1):84-93. doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2685347 URL
[35]	杨新法, 苏剑, 吕志鹏, 等. 微电网技术综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2014,34(1):57-70. doi: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.2014.01.007 URL
	YANG Xinfa, SU Jian, LÜ Zhipeng, et al. Overview on micro-grid technology[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2014,34(1):57-70.
[36]	靳小龙, 穆云飞, 贾宏杰, 等. 集成智能楼宇的微网系统多时间尺度模型预测调度方法[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2019,43(16):25-33.
	JIN Xiaolong, MU Yunfei, JIA Hongjie, et al. Model predictive control based multiple-time-scheduling method for microgrid system with smart buildings integrated[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2019,43(16):25-33.
[37]	刘吉臻, 李明扬, 房方, 等. 虚拟发电厂研究综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2014,34(29):5103-5111. doi: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.2014.29.012 URL
	LIU Jizhen, LI Mingyang, FANG Fang, et al. Review on virtual power plants[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2014,34(29):5103-5111.
[38]	YUEN C, OUDALOV A, TIMBUS A. The provision of frequency control reserves from multiple microgrids[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2011,58(1):173-183. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2010.2041139 URL
[39]	国家能源局东北监管局. 东北区域并网发电厂辅助服务管理实施细则(试行)[Z]. 国家能源局东北监管局, 2008
[40]	国家能源局西北监管局. 西北区域发并网电厂辅助服务管理实施细则(试行)[Z]. 国家能源局西北监管局, 2008.
[41]	国家能源局华东监管局. 华东区域并网发电厂辅助服务管理实施细则(试行)[Z]. 国家能源局华东监管局, 2009.
[42]	国家能源局南方监管局. 南方区域并网发电厂辅助服务管理实施细则(试行)[Z]. 国家能源局南方监管局, 2008.
[43]	国家能源局华北监管局. 华北区域并网发电厂辅助服务管理实施细则(试行)[Z]. 国家能源局华北监管局, 2008.
[44]	国家能源局华中监管局. 华中区域并网发电厂辅助服务管理实施细则(试行)[Z]. 国家能源局华中监管局, 2009.
[45]	国家能源局东北监管局. 东北区域并网发电厂辅助服务管理实施细则[Z]. 国家能源局东北监管局, 2019.
[46]	国家能源局西北监管局. 西北区域并网发电厂辅助服务管理实施细则[Z]. 国家能源局西北监管局, 2019.
[47]	Operating reserve [EB/OL]. [2020-08-12]. https://learn.pjm.com/three-priorities/buying-and-selling-energy/ancillary-services-market/reserves.aspx.
[48]	张子泳. PJM备用体系及其对广东电力市场的启示[J]. 云南电力技术, 2019,47(1):47-50.
	ZHANG Ziyong. System of power reserve in PJM and its inspiration to Guangdong power market[J]. Yunnan Electric Power, 2019,47(1):47-50.
[49]	耿艳. 美国主要辅助服务市场比较研究[C]// 华北电力大学第五届研究生学术交流年会. 华北电力大学, 2007.
[50]	何永秀, 陈倩, 费云志, 等. 国外典型辅助服务市场产品研究及对中国的启示[J]. 电网技术, 2018,42(9):2915-2922.
	HE Yongxiu, CHEN Qian, FEI Yunzhi, et al. Typical foreign ancillary service market products and enlightenment to China[J]. Power System Technology, 2018,42(9):2915-2922.
[51]	ERIK E, SVENSKA K. Challenges and opportunities for the Nordic power system[R]. Nordic System Operation Forum, 2016.
[52]	RIEDEL S, WEIGT H. German electricity reserve markets[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 2008.
[53]	王莹, 刘兵, 刘天斌, 等. 特高压直流闭锁后省间紧急功率支援的协调优化调度策略[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2015,35(11):2695-2702. doi: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.2015.11.007 URL
	WANG Ying, LIU Bing, LIU Tianbin, et al. Coordinated optimal dispatching of emergency power support among provinces after UHVDC transmission system block fault[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2015,35(11):2695-2702.
[54]	XU Z W, CALLAWAY D S, HU Z C, et al. Hierarchical coordination of heterogeneous flexible loads[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2016,31(6):4206-4216. doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2516992 URL
[55]	GHORANI R, FOTUHI-FIRUZABAD M, MOEINI-AGHTAIE M. Optimal bidding strategy of transactive agents in local energy markets[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2019,10(5):5152-5162. doi: 10.1109/TSG.5165411 URL
[56]	HAN B, LU S F, XUE F, et al. Day-ahead electric vehicle aggregator bidding strategy using stochastic programming in an uncertain reserve market[J]. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2019,13(12):2517-2525.
[57]	RENANI Y K, EHSAN M, SHAHIDEHPOUR M. Optimal transactive market operations with distribution system operators[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2018,9(6):6692-6701. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2017.2718546 URL
[58]	于会群, 尹申, 张浩, 等. 考虑电动汽车用户满意度的微网分层优化调度策略[J]. 中国电力, 2020,53(12):83-91.
	YU Huiqun, YIN Shen, ZHANG Hao, et al. Optimization strategy of microgrid hierarchical scheduling considering electric vehicles user satisfaction degree[J]. Electric Power, 2020,53(12):83-91.
[59]	TANG Z, LIU Y K, WU L, et al. Reserve model of energy storage in day-ahead joint energy and reserve markets: A stochastic UC solution[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2021,12(1):372-382. doi: 10.1109/TSG.5165411 URL
[60]	ZHANG Z, WANG J X, DING T, et al. A two-layer model for microgrid real-time dispatch based on energy storage system charging/discharging hidden costs[J]. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2017,8(1):33-42. doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2016.2577040 URL
[61]	LIU C, DU P W. Participation of load resources in day-ahead market to provide primary-frequency response reserve[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2018,33(5):5041-5051. doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.59 URL
[62]	CHAKRABORTY P, BAEYENS E, KHARGONEKAR P P. Cost causation based allocations of costs for market integration of renewable energy[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2018,33(1):70-83. doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2690404 URL
[63]	董浩宇, 吕泉, 朱全胜, 等. 哈郑直流投运河后河南电网事故备用适应性及应对策略[J]. 电网与清洁能源, 2016,32(7):30-37.
	DONG Haoyu, LV quan, ZHU Quansheng, et al. Adapatability and countermeasures for contingency reserve of Henan grid integrated with UHVDC transmission line from Hami to Zhengzhou[J]. Power System and Clean Energy, 2016,32(7):30-37.
[64]	蒋星. 计及特高压直流接入的受端电网可靠性及事故备用研究[D]. 杭州:浙江大学, 2018.
	JIANG Xing. Reliability and contingency reserve research of power grids considering UHVDC infeed[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University, 2018.
[65]	李姗. 含高比例风电互联系统跨区备用共享研究[D]. 武汉: 华中科技大学, 2019.
[66]	盛四清, 檀晓林, 李欢, 等. 含风电场的互联电力系统备用容量优化[J]. 电网技术, 2013,37(11):3067-3072.
	SHENG Siqing, TAN Xiaolin, LI Huan, et al. Reserve capacity optimization of interconnected power grid containing wind farms[J]. Power System Technology, 2013,37(11):3067-3072.
[67]	CHEN J H, WU W C, ZHANG B M, et al. A spinning reserve allocation method for power generation dispatch accommodating large-scale wind power integration[J]. Energies, 2013,6:6357-6381.
[68]	AHMADI-KHATIR A, CONEJO A J, CHERKAOUI R. Multi-area energy and reserve dispatch under wind uncertainty and equipment failures[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2013,28(4):4373-4383. doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2265854 URL
[69]	闻昕, 孙圆亮, 谭乔凤, 等. 考虑预测不确定性的风-光-水多能互补系统调度风险和效益分析[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2020,52(3):32-41.
	WEN Xin, SUN Yuanliang, TAN Qiaofeng, et al. Risk and benefit analysis of hydro-wind-solar multi-energy system considering the one-day ahead output forecast uncertainty[J]. Advanced Engineering Sciences, 2020,52(3):32-41.
[70]	叶林, 屈晓旭, 么艳香, 等. 风光水多能互补发电系统日内时间尺度运行特性分析[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2018,42(4):158-164.
	YE Lin, QU Xiaoxu, YAO Yanxiang, et al. Analysis on intraday operation characteristics of hybrid wind-solar-hydro power generation system[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2018,42(4):158-164.
[71]	XU L J, WANG Z W, LIU Y F. The spatial and temporal variation features of wind-Sun complementarity in China[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2017,154:138-148. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.10.031 URL
[72]	赵泽浩瀚. 水光风储多能互补电站群的优化调度研究[D]. 西安: 西安理工大学, 2020.
	ZHAO Zehaohan. Coordinative optimization of hydro-photovoltaic-wind-battery complementary power stations[D]. Xi’an: Xi’an University of Technology, 2020.
[73]	王开艳, 罗先觉, 吴玲, 等. 清洁能源优先的风-水-火电力系统联合优化调度[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2013,33(13):27-35.
	WANG Kaiyan, LUO Xianjue, WU Ling, et al. Optimal dispatch of wind-hydro-thermal power system with priority given to clean energy[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2013,33(13):27-35.
[74]	姚天亮, 吴兴全, 李志伟, 等. 计及多约束条件的风光互补容量配比研究[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2017,45(9):126-132.
	YAO Tianliang, WU Xingquan, LI Zhiwei, et al. Research on complementary capacity ratio of wind power and photovoltaic considering multiple constraints[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2017,45(9):126-132.
[75]	朱燕梅, 陈仕军, 黄炜斌, 等. 一定弃风光率下的水光风互补发电系统容量优化配置研究[J]. 水电能源科学, 2018,36(7):215-218.
	ZHU Yanmei, CHEN Shijun, HUANG Weibin, et al. Optimal capacity configuration of hydro-photovoltaic-wind complementary power generation system under wind and photovoltaic curtailment[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2018,36(7):215-218.