Cost-benefit research helps to understand the benefits and willingness to trade of various market players, so as to guide the market to formulate a more reasonable trading mechanism. This paper proposes a cost-benefit analysis method for multiple market players considering the coupling of electricity and carbon trading markets under demand response (DR). First, the unit carbon emission cost in carbon trading is included in the quotation function of each generating unit for unified clearing, which reflects the coupling of carbon trading and spot market operations. Secondly, the transactions of various entities in the electricity-carbon coupling market under demand response are considered. A cost-benefit analysis model for the generation side, the user side, the load aggregator, the energy storage operator and the grid side is proposed. Finally, an example analysis is carried out on an actual operation day of a certain provincial power grid in China. The results show that the operation of the carbon emission trading market will raise the clearing price of the electricity market and affect the cost and benefit of the relevant entities.

In order to clarify the multi-scale market coupling interaction relationship of electricity, green certificate, excess consumption under the renewable portfolio standards (RPS), the system dynamics is introduced, and the interactive trading model is constructed and simulated. Taking the logistics transformation of three market transaction targets as the clue, this paper designs a multi-scale market coupling transaction framework, constructs the complex causality of coupling transaction based on system dynamics method, and analyzes the impact of RPS on the revenue or cost of market participants. Simulation results show that under the new RPS, the electricity price will gradually decline, the transaction price of green certificate will be depressed by the consumption certificate, and the transaction price of green certificate will eventually become equal. The new RPS will reduce the market income of renewable energy generators and the fluctuation of electricity cost of users, and increasing the proportion of RPS will slow down the decline rate of both.

A large number of independent decision-making microgrids participate in the power market competition in the distribution network, which makes the traditional centralized trading face the problems of long decision-making time, high cost of trust and privacy security. In the face of this situation, a distributed transaction model of electricity in multi-microgrid applying smart contract technology is proposed. Firstly, a smart contract model of electricity trading negotiation market is constructed to protect the interests of users. Secondly, in order to realize safe operation of the distribution network, a network security constraint method suitable for smart contract is proposed. Finally, according to the transaction model, the off-chain scalability architecture of the blockchain is improved to ensure the computing capability of the blockchain, and ensure the security and traceability of all historical data storage. The method is tested on the IEEE 33-bus network, and the results show that the proposed distributed transaction model does not violate the network constraints, and the market participants can profit from the transaction.

In order to solve the problems of high cost and untimely communication caused by the lack of mutual trust among various subjects in the process of demand response, on the basis of combing the general technical principles of block chain, this paper presents the overall architecture, transaction flow, data chain design, intelligent contract design, network building scheme and consensus mechanism of the blockchain demand response scheme, and carries out benefit analysis from multiple dimensions. It provides a train of thought for not only making use of the advantages of centralized management, but also providing non-centralized deposit certificate and supervision function. The simulation builds the corresponding alliance chain network on the demand composed of seven nodes, verifies the feasibility of the architecture and model, and gives an example of interface design. By building the benefit function of demand response blockchain application and taking the demand response scenario in Henan as an example, this paper demonstrates that the application of block chain technology to demand response is economic and feasible.

The low-carbon transformation of the power system requires a“multi-line attack”and it is increasingly difficult to rely only on the consumption of a high proportion of new energy, primarily because the entire chain can only be optimized by achieving the diversified development of electricity and carbon. On the basis of comprehensively considering the synergistic relationship between carbon quotas and electricity, such as the correlation, matching degree, and relative degree of freedom, the collaborative trading mode of carbon quotas and electricity is studied by all entities in each link of the“source-grid-load”and a two-factor trading scenario model of carbon quotas and electricity is developed. Combining the natural compatibility of blockchain technology with the characteristics of weak centralization, distributed trading, and the development of the electric carbon market, the transaction model of the carbon quota trading chain and electricity trading chain is studied. Considering source-end thermal and clean energy power plants as examples, a trading model framework for carbon quotas and power generation indicators between power plants in the provincial area under a double chain is proposed. Through the smart contract, a multi-objective search optimization algorithm based on the particle swarm algorithm is programmed to execute the script to realize the simulation and verification of the trading model of the power generation index. A feasibility analysis of the carbon quota trading model is performed, which confirms the adaptability and effectiveness of the proposed trading scheme and provides a reference for the development of the electric carbon market.

With the rapid development of clean and renewable energy industry, the existing energy structure is difficult to meet the needs of energy production and market. An energy industry innovation is imperative. As a promising development direction of the next generation energy infrastructure in academic and industrial circles, energy internet has been widely concerned. Its basic characteristics of openness, interconnection, equivalence and sharing provide a rich vision for future energy development. However, the existing matured information technology solutions cannot fully satisfy the requirement of energy internet from design idea to project implementation. As a rapid development technology, blockchain has the characteristics of distribution, equality, security and traceability, which is highly consistent with the design idea of energy internet, and is expected to become the key technology for the implementation of energy internet. Energy blockchain is the product of the combination of blockchain and energy industry, which can provide security and value support for all levels of energy internet. By positioning the key technologies of power trading blockchain in the energy internet, this paper summarizes the research progress of the current power trading blockchain in the aspects of consensus mechanism, transaction and smart contract design, security mechanism and other fields of technology. Combined with the research status, this paper discusses and analyzes the problems existing in various technical fields and the possible future, and provides a reference for further research and implementation of energy blockchain.

The early exploration of the energy blockchain has provided good technical support for the construction of the energy internet. However, as the continuous influx of large-scale participants, the safety, fairness and efficiency of energy transactions once again face new challenges. Game theory considers the advantages of strategic interaction and interest dependence between transaction subjects, and is expected to provide new solutions. Firstly, the objective function of maximizing the benefits of energy trading is to construct a multi-energy trading strategy game model. According to energy supply and demand and quotation, the Nash equilibrium value of the strategy game between energy users and energy providers is solved, which provides a price reference for the trading mechanism. Combining the characteristics of the energy internet, this paper builds a weakly centralized multi-agent energy transaction mechanism based on the alliance chain, and improves the energy block structure and consensus mechanism to achieve an efficient and reliable transaction process. Simulation results show that the secure transaction mechanism not only protects the interests of buyers and sellers, but also speeds up the consensus of the block, with a view to provide help for the construction of the energy trading platform.