为了进一步降低综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)碳排放量,提升其能源利用率,提出了一种在阶梯式碳交易机制下考虑需求响应(demand response,DR)的IES优化调度策略。首先从需求响应角度出发,考虑到多种能源之间具备协同互补与灵活转换的能力,引入电-气-热的横向时移与纵向互补替代策略并构建DR模型;其次从全生命周期评估的角度出发,阐述碳排放权初始配额模型,并对其加以修正,然后引入阶梯式碳交易机制,对IES的碳排放进行约束;最后以能源购买成本、碳排放交易成本、设备维护成本、需求响应成本之和最小化为目标,并考虑安全约束构建低碳优化调度模型。利用Matlab软件将原问题转化为混合整数线性问题,并使用CPLEX求解器对模型进行优化求解。算例结果表明,在阶梯式碳交易机制下考虑碳交易成本和需求响应,可以使IES的运行总成本下降5.69%,碳排放量降低17.06%,显著提高了IES的可靠性、经济性和低碳性。

To further reduce the carbon emissions of integrated energy systems (IES) and improve their energy utilization, an IES optimization scheduling strategy considering demand response (DR) under a stepped carbon trading mechanism was proposed. First, from the perspective of demand response (DR), considering the synergistic complementarity and flexible conversion ability of multiple energy sources, lateral time-shifting and vertical complementary alternative strategies for electricity, gas, and heat were introduced, and a DR model was constructed. Second, from the perspective of life-cycle assessment, the initial quota model of carbon emissions allowances was elaborated and revised. Subsequently, we introduced a tiered carbon trading mechanism that imposes a certain degree of constraint on the carbon emissions of IES. Finally, the sum of the energy purchase, carbon emission transaction, equipment maintenance, and demand response costs was minimized, and a low-carbon optimal scheduling model was constructed considering the safety constraints. This model transforms the original problem into a mixed-integer linear problem using Matlab software and optimizes the model using the CPLEX solver. The example results show that considering the carbon trading cost and demand response under the tiered carbon trading mechanism, the total operating cost of the IES is reduced by 5.69%, and the carbon emissions are reduced by 17.06%, which significantly improves the reliability, economy, and low-carbon performance of the IES.

随着低碳经济的日益发展，电热气系统耦合程度日益加深，传统供能系统采用电热分离方式、输配电网分级调度的运行模式已经难以挖掘出全网资源并实现全局最优的运行策略。为提高新能源消纳，同时求解多能流耦合系统，提出了一种含光热（concentrating solar power，CSP）电站及碳交易机制下的电气热多能流耦合系统分层优化运行策略。上层为多能流耦合系统求解层，为求解复杂多能流耦合系统矩阵值，提出了牛顿法、改进牛顿法以及改进二阶锥协同求解的方法；下层为多能流优化求解层，依据上层所得系统求解值，下层优化以用户总成本经济最小化为目标，引入碳交易机制模型来优化电气热机组不同场景下的时序出力，求解方法上采用混合整数线性规划法。最后，通过仿真算例进行有效性的验证。结果表明，所提方法能够优化系统运行，改善系统准确性及快速性，并且“碳交易和CSP电站”手段能够更好地约束多能流耦合系统碳排放，减轻装置能源压力，提升用户总成本的经济性。

With the development of a low-carbon economy, the coupling degree of electric thermal gas systems is continuously increasing. The operation mode of traditional energy supply systems using electric heating separation mode and hierarchical dispatching of transmission and distribution networks has made it difficult to mine entire network resources and realize a global optimal operation strategy. To increase the consumption of new energy and solve the multi-energy current coupling system, this study proposes a layered optimization operation strategy for an electric-thermal multi-energy current coupling system with a concentrated solar power (CSP) plant and a carbon trading mechanism. The upper layer is the solution layer of a multi-energy coupled flow system. To solve the matrix values of a complex multi-energy coupled flow system, Newton's, improved Newton's, and improved second-order cone collaborative solution methods are proposed. The lower layer is a multi-energy flow optimization layer. According to the system solution values obtained from the upper layer, the lower-layer optimization aims to minimize the total user cost. A carbon trading mechanism model was introduced to optimize the time sequence output of an electric thermal unit under different scenarios, and a mixed-integer linear programming method was adopted. Finally, its validity was verified through simulation. The results show that this method can optimize the operation of the system and improve its accuracy and rapidity. In addition, the “carbon trading and CSP power station” method can better constrain the carbon emission of multi-energy flow coupling systems, reduce the energy pressure of the device, and improve the economy of the total cost of the user.

分布式电源逐渐高比例接入已成为城乡配电网发展的趋势，源、荷、自然环境等各种不确定性因素带来的各种扰动不可忽略，因此配电网需要具备一定的抵御不同扰动并能快速恢复的能力，这种能力被称为配电网韧性。同时，配电网源网荷储各侧灵活性资源可为配电网供需平衡和韧性提升提供一定支撑。如何准确刻画各类扰动事件的影响、有效挖掘源网荷储各侧灵活性资源的协同作用，是研究配电网韧性的关键问题。文章旨在对新型配电网规划、安全稳定运行以及韧性研究给出一定的建设性的思路。首先，介绍了配电网韧性的基本概念，分析了配电网所面临的各类扰动及扰动下配电网韧性特征；随后，归纳了极端灾害类扰动和波动类扰动建模方法和韧性评估方法的研究进展；接着，介绍了配电网在扰动前、中、后三阶段下韧性提升的关键技术；最后，对未来配电网韧性待研究的关键问题进行了展望。

The development trend in urban and rural power distribution networks is to gradually access a high proportion of distributed power sources. However, the various types of disturbances caused by uncertain factors, including power sources, loads, and the natural environment, cannot be ignored. Therefore, the distribution network must have the ability to resist various disturbances and recover quickly, which is called the resilience of the distribution network. Meanwhile, all types of flexible resources from the source, network, load, and storage of distribution networks can provide support for the balance between supply and demand, and improvement of toughness of the distribution network. Accurately describing the impact of various disturbance events and effectively determining the synergy of flexible resources on the source, network, load, and storage sides are key factors in studying the resilience of distribution networks. This study aims to provide insights and constructive ideas for the planning, safe and stable operation, and resilience research of new distribution networks. This study first introduces the basic concept of distribution network resilience, and analyzes various types of disturbances faced by the distribution network and the characteristics of distribution network resilience under disturbances. The study then summarizes the research progress in extreme disaster disturbances, wave disturbance modeling methods, and resilience evaluation methods. Next, the key technologies for improving the resilience of distribution networks in the pre-disturbance, mid-disturbance, and post-disturbance stages are also introduced. Finally, the key problems in the future research on distribution network resilience are discussed. 

高比例新能源接入下的电力系统供给侧波动性和随机性加剧,新能源弃电和系统供电能力二重矛盾凸显,源荷储灵活性资源规划是保障供电可靠性与新能源消纳的关键手段。基于广义旋转备用定义,从兼顾保供/消纳双目标角度揭示了新型电力系统运行模拟机理;在此基础上建立了融合投资决策与年度8 760 h时序运行模拟为一体的源荷储灵活性资源优化规划模型;最后,基于高比例新能源接入的省级电网数据进行仿真分析。结果表明,随着新能源渗透率增大,系统弃电率和缺电率越来越高,源荷储灵活性资源可有效减少缺电率和弃电率,且火电的灵活性改造、填谷型需求响应和储能(充电)对“弃电”的灵敏度较高,削峰型需求响应和储能(放电)对“缺电”的灵敏度较高。

The volatility and unpredictability of power systems in the presence of a high proportion of renewable energy access have become pronounced, highlighting the contradiction between power abandonment and insufficient power supply capacity. Furthermore, collaborative planning of source-load-storage flexible resources has emerged as key to ensuring the reliability of power supply and effective integration of renewable energy. Based on the definition of the generalized spinning reserve, this study reveals the operation simulation mechanism of the new power system from the perspective of considering the dual objectives of power supply and renewable energy accommodation, on which a source-load-storage flexible resource optimization planning model integrating investment decisions and annual 8 760 h timing operation simulation is established. Finally, a simulation analysis is conducted based on provincial power grid data with a high proportion of new energy access. The findings indicate that, as the permeability of new energy increases, both the system power abandonment and power deficit rates correspondingly increase. They also reveal that the flexible resources of source load storage can effectively reduce the power deficit and power abandonment rates. Moreover, the flexible transformation of thermal power, the demand responses of valley filling and energy storage (charging) are highly sensitive to “power abandonment,” and the demand responses of peak cutting and energy storage (discharge) have high sensitivity to the “power deficit.”

In view of the poor coordination and economy of energy management in the integrated energy system of industrial parks， this paper proposes an energy management method considering energy supply reliability. Firstly， the typical operation mode of integrated energy system is constructed， and the efficiency and economic model of the main components in the system are established. Secondly， considering the operation and maintenance cost of the devices and the energy interaction cost between the park and the main power grid， the economic dispatching model of integrated energy system is constructed， which takes the comprehensive generation cost as the objective function. The constraints are cooling and heating load balance， unit climbing power and energy supply reliability. Then， the encoding method of genetic algorithm is improved to solve the time series problem of energy management， and a new optimization algorithm is proposed. Finally， an example is given to verify the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method.

近年来，面对全球气候问题及传统化石能源匮乏带来的挑战，各国陆续提出节能减排和鼓励可再生能源发展的战略目标。碳市场、可再生能源配额制是实现碳减排和促进可再生能源消纳的重要市场手段。作为CO2排放主要责任主体，电力系统低碳绿色转型是助力“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的关键环节，电-碳-配额制耦合将有利于更大程度上促进CO2减排与可再生能源消纳。首先，分析了电力市场与碳市场、电力市场与可再生能源配额制之间的交互机理；其次，从交易机制设计、交易优化、市场交易技术等角度归纳电-碳-配额制耦合交易的研究现状；再次，阐述了碳市场及配额制的国内外实施现状与机制，反映各国减排政策环境；最后，梳理了当前国内电-碳-配额制耦合机制建设面临的挑战和堵点，对电力市场、碳市场与配额制协同发展提出展望，以期为我国耦合交易机制建设提供参考，助力“双碳”目标的实现。

Recently, in the face of global climate problems and challenges posed by the scarcity of conventional fossil energy sources, governments have successively proposed strategic goals for energy conservation, emission reduction, and support for renewable energy development. The carbon emissions market and renewable portfolio standards are important market tools for reducing carbon emissions and promoting renewable energy consumption. As the main responsible body of CO2 emission, the low-carbon green transformation of power system is the key link to help the “carbon peak, carbon neutral” target, and the coupling of electricity-carbon-renewable portfolio standard will help to promote CO2 emission reduction and renewable energy consumption to a greater extent. First, it analyzes the interaction mechanism between the electricity and carbon markets and the electricity and renewable portfolio standards. Second, it summarizes the current research status of coupled electricity-carbon-renewable portfolio trading from the perspectives of trading mechanism design, trading optimization, and market trading technology. Furthermore, this study describes the current status and mechanisms of the domestic and international implementation of carbon markets and renewable portfolio standards to reflect the policy environment for emissions reduction in different countries. Finally, the challenges and limitations faced by the construction of Chinas electricity-carbon-renewable portfolio-coupling mechanism are sorted out. In addition, the prospect of the synergistic development of the electricity market, carbon market, and renewable portfolio standards is proposed to provide a reference for constructing Chinas coupling trading mechanism and help achieve the goal of “carbon peak and carbon neutrality.”

综合能源系统是实现“双碳”目标的有效途径,为进一步挖掘其需求侧可调节潜力对碳减排的作用,提出了一种碳交易机制下考虑需求响应的综合能源系统优化运行模型。首先,根据负荷响应特性将需求响应分为价格型和替代型2类,分别建立了基于价格弹性矩阵的价格型需求响应模型,及考虑用能侧电能和热能相互转换的替代型需求响应模型;其次,采用基准线法为系统无偿分配碳排放配额,并考虑燃气轮机和燃气锅炉的实际碳排放量,构建一种面向综合能源系统的碳交易机制;最后,以购能成本、碳交易成本及运维成本之和最小为目标函数,建立综合能源系统低碳优化运行模型,并通过4类典型场景对所提模型的有效性进行了验证。通过对需求响应灵敏度、燃气轮机热分配比例和不同碳交易价格下系统的运行状态分析发现,合理分配价格型和替代型需求响应及燃气轮机产热比例有利于提高系统运行经济性,制定合理的碳交易价格可以实现系统经济性和低碳性协同。

The integrated energy system (IES) is an effective way to achieve the“carbon neutrality and emission peak”goal. In order to further explore the role of the adjustable potential of demand side on carbon emission reduction, an optimized operation model of IES considering the demand response under the carbon trading mechanism is proposed. Firstly, according to the characteristics of load response, the demand response is divided into two types: price-type and substitution-type. The price-type demand response model is established on the basis of price elasticity matrix, and the substitution-type demand response model is constructed by considering the conversion of electricity and heat. Secondly, base-line method is used to allocate free carbon emission quota for the system, and considering the actual carbon emissions of gas turbine and gas boiler, a carbon trading mechanism for the IES is constructed. Finally, a low-carbon optimal operation model of IES is established, whose objective is to minimize the sum cost of energy purchase, cost of carbon transaction and cost of IES operation and maintenance. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified through four typical scenarios. By analyzing the sensitivity of demand response, heat distribution ratio of gas turbine and the operating state of the system under different carbon trading prices, it is found that reasonable allocation of price-type and substitution-type demand response and heat production ratio of gas turbine is beneficial to improve the operating economy of the system. Making reasonable carbon trading price can realize the coordination of system economy and low carbon.