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电化学储能度电成本及在电力系统中的盈利模式分析
Analysis on LCOE and Profit Model for Electrochemical Energy Storage in Power Systems
为实现国家“双碳”目标，推进国家能源结构转型，推广和发展电化学储能技术具有重要意义，而成本与收益是决定其技术应用和发展规模的关键。首先建立了储能平准化度电成本模型，然后梳理及对比分析目前已实际应用推广的几种典型电化学储能的技术经济特性。进一步以磷酸铁锂电池储能为例，测算了电化学储能平准化度电成本，并分析了购电成本、循环寿命、年循环次数、单位容量成本、运维费等因素对度电成本的影响。最后结合我国实际情况，从电源侧储能、电网侧储能、用户侧储能三个应用场景对我国电化学储能的盈利模式展开分析。结果表明，电化学储能仅依靠电量收益在电力系统中的盈利能力欠佳，未来需明确储能定位，完善运行规范和盈利机制，拓宽盈利渠道。
In order to achieve the national dual-carbon strategic goal and promote the transformation of national energy structure， it is of great significance to promote and develop electrochemical energy storage （ESS） technology. The cost and profit model are the key issues that determine the scale of its technical application and development. This paper firstly established a model of levelized cost of energy （LCOE） for ESS， then compared the economic and technological characteristics of several typical ESS technologies that have been practically applied. On this basis， the LCOE for a lithium iron phosphate battery storage was calculated. And the impact of purchasing cost， cycle life， number of cycles per year， unit capacity cost， operation and maintenance fee and other factors on the LCOE was analyzed through the calculation example. Finally， the profit model of ESS in China was analyzed from three application scenarios， namely， power supply side， grid side and user side energy storage， in the light of the actual situation in China. The case analysis shows that overall， the profitability of ESS in the power system based solely on energy revenue is not satisfactory. In the future， it is necessary to clarify the positioning of ESS， improve operational standards and profit mechanisms， and broaden profit channels.
平准化度电成本 / 循环寿命 / 年循环次数 / 电源侧储能 / 电网侧储能 / 用户侧储能
levelized cost of energy （LCOE） / cycle life / number of annual cycle / power supply side energy storage / gird side energy storage / user side energy storage
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It is especially urgent to calculate the cost and benefit of photovoltaic energy storage power project accurately. In order to scientifically and accurately determine the economic and levelized cost of energy（LCOE） of photovoltaic energy storage power project, in this paper, the cost benefit model, LCOE model and system dynamics simulation model of photovoltaic energy storage power project are established considering the influence of technological progress and policy regulation. Taking the photovoltaic energy storage power project in Hebei province as an example, the LCOE, internal rate of return and comprehensive benefit of the photovoltaic energy storage power project are simulated and analyzed by using the model with or without subsidies. It also selects the photovoltaic energy storage power projects in Qinghai province and Yunnan province for comparative study, and calculates the different critical points for photovoltaic energy storage power projects to achieve grid parity in the above three provinces. The model can be used to analyze the cost benefit of photovoltaic energy storage power project, to measure LCOE, and to predict the initial year when photovoltaic energy storage power project will realize grid parity in the future.
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Energy storage technology can improve the quality of electric energy and promote the consumption of new energy. The promotion of energy storage technology is of great significance for accelerating the development of new energy industry. And the cost of energy storage systems determines the large-scale application and promotion of energy storage technology. To calculate the full life cycle cost per kilowatt hour, the investment cost, maintenance cost, replacement cost, charging cost and recovery cost of the energy storage system are respectively analyzed. The calculation method provides a reference for the cost evaluation of the energy storage system. This paper analyzes the key factors that affect the life cycle cost per kilowatt-hour of electrochemical energy storage and pumped storage, and proposes effective measures and countermeasures to reduce the cost per kilowatt-hour. Considering the actual situation of energy storage technology in application, we look forward to the prospects and development of energy storage technologies in the future.
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In order to maximize the benefits of user-side energy storage, a user-side energy storage optimization allocation method is proposed to participate in the auxiliary service market. First, a life-cycle cost model of user-side energy storage and a benefit model considering ancillary services are established. Secondly, under the two-part electricity price system, based on the consideration of the operating characteristics of energy storage batteries and user load characteristics, a user-side energy storage optimization configuration model is established to participate in auxiliary services. The energy storage capacity and auxiliary service parameters are taken as optimization variables to optimize the net income of industrial users during the whole life cycle. Then, taking the energy storage auxiliary service market in Guangxi as an example, the optimization of configuration under the optimal user-side energy storage capacity is realized, and the variable values involved in the auxiliary service are determined. Finally, the economic benefits of different auxiliary services are compared and analyzed by changing the policy sensitivity, which provides guidance for future energy storage investment.
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