【目的】针对重卡换电站（heavy-duty truck battery swapping stations，HTBSS）换电需求不确定性强且无法定义基线负荷，导致其调节贡献难以量化表征，阻碍了灵活性发挥的问题，提出面向准线型需求响应的重卡换电站运行模型与优化调度方法。【方法】首先，构建了基于荷电状态（state of charge，SOC）分类并考虑换电等待数量的重卡换电站运行模型，解决直接控制每组电池功率面临的决策空间过大、不确定性难描述等问题；其次，基于所构建的重卡换电站运行模型，提出重卡换电站参与准线型需求响应的日前优化模型，并进一步提出实时滚动优化方法以应对换电需求的不确定性。【结果】算例结果表明，所提模型在不同换电需求数量场景下均适用，同时通过所提日前-实时优化方法可有效跟踪准线并减少换电等待的数量。参与准线型需求响应后，重卡换电站与电网运营商可分别减少成本47.66%与65.52%，区域新能源弃电减少90.93%。【结论】所提方法可有效引导重卡换电站参与准线型需求响应，缓解运行过程中换电需求不确定性带来的影响；重卡换电站参与准线型需求响应，既可促进分布式新能源消纳，也可降低自身运营成本，实现网荷双赢。

[Objective] A day-ahead， real-time optimal scheduling approach for customer directrix load （CDL）-based demand response is proposed to address the problem of the strong uncertainty of the battery swapping demand and inability to define the baseline load of heavy-duty truck battery swapping stations （HTBSSs）， which makes it difficult to characterize their regulation contribution quantitatively and hinders flexibility. [Methods] First， an operation model is constructed based on the classification of the state of charge and considering the number of trucks waiting for switching， which solves the problems of an excessively large strategy space and the difficulty in describing the uncertainty faced by directly controlling the power of each battery. Second， a day-ahead optimization model is proposed for the participation of HTBSSs in CDL-based demand response based on the constructed model， and a real-time rolling optimization method is presented to deal with the uncertainty of the swapping demand. [Results] Examples show that the proposed model is applicable to different swapping demand scenarios， and that the day-ahead and real-time optimization approach can effectively track the CDL and reduce the number of swapping waits. After participating in the CDL-based demand response， the HTBSS and grid operator can reduce the cost by 47.66% and 65.52%， respectively， and the regional renewable energy power abandonment can be reduced by 90.93%. [Conclusions] The proposed method can effectively guide HTBSSs to participate in CDL-based demand response and alleviate the impact of uncertainty of the battery swapping demand in the operation process. The participation of HTBSSs in CDL-based demand response can not only promote the consumption of distributed renewable energy， but also reduce their own operating costs， resulting in a win-win situation for the grid and load.