碳市场的推进有助于“双碳”目标的实现，电力行业将面临电-碳市场耦合的多主体多市场协同的交易格局，其中，环境成本通过碳市场传导进入电市场。然而，在当前的市场出清机制中，发电商的环境效益未能有效纳入，导致以新能源为主的低排放机组出清结果不理想，影响“双碳”目标实现。为此，通过引入激励因子调整机组发电投标策略，在电-碳市场耦合背景下，设计了以促进新能源消纳为目标的激励型出清机制。以此建立双层模型：上层对异质发电商投标策略建模，下层对激励型市场出清机制进行建模，通过深度强化学习算法求解模型。算例分析表明，设计模型能够正确描述耦合市场之间的相互影响，设计的出清机制提升了新能源机组的发电比重，促进了新能源消纳，提升了电力行业社会效益和减排效益。

 Promoting the carbon market will help achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. The power industry will face a multi-entity and multi-market coordinated trading pattern of electricity-carbon market coupling, in which environmental costs are transmitted into the electricity market through the carbon market. However, in the current market-clearing mechanism, the environmental benefits of power generators have not been effectively included, resulting in unsatisfactory results for low-emission units, mainly based on new energy sources, which affects the realization of goals. Therefore, by introducing incentive factors to adjust the bidding strategy of unit power generation, an incentive-clearing mechanism to promote the absorption of new energy was designed under the background of electricity-carbon market coupling. Thus, a two-layer model is established: the upper layer models the bidding strategy of heterogeneous power generators, and the lower layer models the incentive market-clearing mechanism. The model is solved with a deep reinforcement learning algorithm. The analysis indicates that the design model can correctly describe the interaction between the coupling markets and that the designed clearing mechanism increases the proportion of power generation in new energy units, promotes the absorption of new energy, and improves the social and emission reduction benefits of the power industry.

成本效益研究有助于了解各市场主体的效益情况和交易意愿,从而指导市场制定更加合理的交易机制。文章提出了一种需求响应(demand response,DR)下计及电碳交易市场耦合的多个市场主体的成本效益分析方法。首先将碳交易中的单位碳排放成本计入各发电机组的报价函数中进行统一出清,体现碳交易与现货市场运营的耦合;其次,考虑了需求响应下电碳耦合市场中各个主体的交易机制,提出了发电侧、用户侧、负荷聚合商、储能运营商及电网侧的成本效益分析模型。最后,对中国某省电网某实际运行日进行了算例分析,结果表明,碳排放权交易市场运作将抬高电力市场出清价格,影响相关主体的成本与效益。

Cost-benefit research helps to understand the benefits and willingness to trade of various market players, so as to guide the market to formulate a more reasonable trading mechanism. This paper proposes a cost-benefit analysis method for multiple market players considering the coupling of electricity and carbon trading markets under demand response (DR). First, the unit carbon emission cost in carbon trading is included in the quotation function of each generating unit for unified clearing, which reflects the coupling of carbon trading and spot market operations. Secondly, the transactions of various entities in the electricity-carbon coupling market under demand response are considered. A cost-benefit analysis model for the generation side, the user side, the load aggregator, the energy storage operator and the grid side is proposed. Finally, an example analysis is carried out on an actual operation day of a certain provincial power grid in China. The results show that the operation of the carbon emission trading market will raise the clearing price of the electricity market and affect the cost and benefit of the relevant entities.

我国提出到2030年实现碳达峰，2060年实现碳中和的目标。结合2050年全球能源互联网场景及骨干网架，从高比例清洁能源、联网格局与网络结构、运行控制措施等方面探讨了全球能源互联网构建的若干问题，分析了清洁能源比例、实施路径及应对挑战措施，提出多节点多回路广义骨干网架概念，讨论了分层分区结构，提出了智能调度、稳定控制、信息通信及大数据等运行控制措施建议，并对大容量远距离输电、储能、清洁能源发电等构建全球能源互联网的关键技术进行了展望。

China has set a goal of reaching a carbon peak by 2030 and becoming carbon neutral by 2060. Based on the 2050 global energy interconnection (GEI) scenario and backbone grid plan, such issues in the construction of the GEI as high proportion of clean energy, connecting pattern and grid structure, operation control measures, etc. were studied. The proportions of clean energy, implementation path and responding measures to challenges were analysed, the concept of multi-node and multi-loop generalized backbone grid were proposed. The hierarchical and zoning structure was discussed, and intelligent dispatching, stability control, information communication and big data and other operational control measures were proposed. Key technologies such as large-capacity long-distance power transmission, cross-sea power transmission, clean energy power generation, and energy storage were analysed and predicted.

氢燃料电池是实现氢能转换为电能利用的关键载体，在碳中和、碳达峰目标提出后，获得了基础研究与产业应用层面新的高度关注。本文围绕氢燃料电池技术体系，较为全面地分析了质子交换膜、电催化剂、气体扩散层等膜电极组件，双极板，系统部件，控制策略等方面的研究进展与发展态势；结合我国氢燃料电池技术领域国产化率、系统寿命、功率密度、制造成本等方面的发展现状分析，论证提出了面向 2035 年我国氢燃料电池技术系统发展方向。研究认为，为加速氢能及氢燃料电池技术应用，应加强制氢技术攻关，降低氢气燃料使用成本；加快关键材料和核心组件的技术攻关和转化应用；制定产业规划并增加投入，构建完备的政策支撑体系。

Hydrogen fuel cell is a key element for conversing hydrogen energy into electric power and has attracted increasing attention from the aspects of basic research and industrial application following the proposal of carbon neutral and carbon peaking. Focusing mainly on the hydrogen fuel cell technology system, we analyze the research progress and development trends of membrane electrode components (such as proton exchange membranes, electrocatalysts, and gas diffusion layers), bipolar plates, system components, and control strategies. Subsequently, we propose the development directions of the hydrogen fuel cell technology system by 2035, following the analysis of the development status of the hydrogen fuel cell technology in China in terms of localization rate, system lifetime, power density, and manufacturing cost. To accelerate the application of hydrogen energy and hydrogen fuel cell technology, we suggest that research on hydrogen production technology should be strengthened to reduce the cost of hydrogen fuel, the technological research and application of key materials and core components should be accelerated, and industrial plans with increased investment should be formulated to establish a complete policy support system.

Climate change has become one of the major challenges that humans have faced in recent years. As an economic measure to cope with climate change, carbon finance has drawn considerable attention in recent years, since it can promote low-cost emission reductions. As the largest developing country with rich carbon emission resources, China plays an important role in establishing a sound carbon trading market. This study presents a systematic review of the research and development progress and challenges of China's carbon finance and carbon market. Based on the brief introduction of some related concepts and background, this study mainly discusses the role of China's financial institutions in carbon finance, and the development of China's carbon market. Particularly, it focuses on the recent practices and the carbon trading pilots established in China. In addition, the major challenges for China to establish a national unified carbon market were pointed out, in terms of awareness, relevant professionals, sound legal systems and carbon financial product innovation. Finally, we put forward the policy implications for the future development of carbon finance and carbon market, which provides important decision support for establishing a unified global carbon market. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd.

2019年氢能元年以来,中国氢能产业持续高速发展,随着新冠肺炎疫情的新变化,氢能产业发展进入新阶段,面临着新的挑战,在“双碳”战略持续推进的情况下,表现出新特点,包括：能源行业处于整体转型期,氢能政策处于频发期,氢能市场处于加速培育期,氢能企业处于转型窗口期,氢能技术处于爆发期,应用场景处于突破期。在总结氢能市场现状和特点基础上,预计氢能产业发展将呈现如下趋势：氢能政策将进一步优化调整,产业链发展协同度进一步提升,产业生态进一步拓展,国际合作进一步加强,交通领域将有新的突破,区域产业发展差距将进一步拉大。最后,提出如下建议：坚持以有为政策为发展导向,保障产业健康有序发展;坚持以市场驱动为核心动力,打造拥有市场竞争力的商业模式;坚持以创新驱动为高效引导,强化技术的产学研一体化研发与孵化;坚持以行为驱动为关键补充,发挥氢能的碳资源和碳交易潜力;坚持以内培外聘为重要抓手,提升企业氢能人才队伍水平。