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适用于并联构网型储能变流器的改进虚拟同步发电机控制策略
Research on Improved VSG Control Strategy for Grid-Forming Parallel-Connected Energy Storage Converters
【目的】为改善新型电力系统中多台储能变流器并联运行控制策略不协调时，引起各储能系统荷电状态（state of charge， SOC）分布不均衡以及频率超调、低频振荡等问题，提出一种结合SOC出力均衡和自适应基础阻尼设计的改进虚拟同步发电机（virtual synchronous generator， VSG）控制策略。【方法】首先以电压源型VSG控制作为构网外环建立构网型并联储能系统模型；其次依据储能系统实时SOC提出一组有功出力均衡系数；然后以此均衡系数为基础设计基础阻尼加自适应阻尼的控制策略。最后，基于MATLAB/Simulink数字仿真环境验证分析所提出控制策略的性能与有效性。【结果】以铝电池组作为储能系统，引入所提改进VSG控制策略后高SOC系统与低SOC系统存在5%~7%的功率分配差异，在典型扰动工况下频率跌落幅值降低约20%，超调幅值降低约30%；在复杂工况下频率偏差降低10%~15%。【结论】所提控制策略通过设置均衡系数来保持并联机组间SOC均衡，使功率分配得到合理优化，并对得到的均衡系数加入自适应阻尼策略来修正频率偏差，能够有效提升储能系统的动态响应性能、频率稳定能力以及多机协同运行能力，对构建高比例新能源的新型电力系统具有一定的理论意义与工程应用价值。
[Objective] When uncoordinated control strategies are employed during the parallel-connected operation of multiple energy storage converters in new-type power systems, they cause unbalanced state of charge (SOC) distribution among energy storage systems, as well as frequency overshoot and low-frequency oscillations. To address these problems, this paper proposes an improved virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control strategy that combines SOC-based power balancing and adaptive fundamental damping design. [Methods] First, a grid-forming parallel-connected energy storage system model is established using voltage-source-type VSG control as the grid-forming outer loop. Second, a set of active power balancing coefficients is derived based on the real-time SOC of energy storage systems. Third, a control strategy combining fundamental damping with adaptive damping is designed on the basis of these balancing coefficients. Finally, the performance and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy are verified and analyzed using the MATLAB/Simulink digital simulation environment. [Results] Using an aluminum battery pack as the energy storage system, after introducing the proposed improved VSG control strategy, a power distribution difference of 5% to 7% is observed between the high-SOC and low-SOC systems. Under typical disturbance conditions, the frequency drop amplitude is reduced by approximately 20% and the overshoot amplitude is reduced by approximately 30%; under complex operating conditions, the frequency deviation is reduced by 10% to 15%. [Conclusions] The proposed control strategy maintains SOC balance among parallel-connected units by setting balancing coefficients, thereby reasonably optimizing power distribution. Furthermore, by incorporating an adaptive damping strategy based on the obtained balancing coefficients to correct frequency deviations, the proposed approach effectively enhances the dynamic response performance, frequency stability and multi-machine coordinated operation capability of energy storage systems. Therefore, the proposed control strategy holds certain theoretical significance and engineering application value for the construction of new-type power systems with high penetration of renewable energy.
构网型储能变流器 / 虚拟同步发电机（VSG）控制 / 荷电状态（SOC）均衡 / 自适应阻尼控制
grid-forming energy storage converter / virtual synchronous generator（VSG） control / state of charge（SOC） balancing / adaptive damping control
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目的 “双高”电力系统(高比例可再生能源和高比例电力电子设备)低惯性、低阻尼的特征使电网在频率、电压等稳定问题面临着严峻的挑战。构网型储能(grid-forming energy storage，GFM-ES)具有频率调节和电压控制的能力，针对其特性、应用场景和研究展望等方面进行综述。 方法 首先从GFM-ES和跟网型储能的区别以及控制方法等方面阐述了GFM-ES的主要特点；然后从频率支撑、电压支撑和黑启动等方面介绍了GFM-ES的主要应用场景；最后从GFM-ES的稳定性、优化配置和实际工程应用等方面提出了研究展望。 结论 构网型变流器的稳定性对储能机组的运行特性具有重要影响，需要进一步关注稳定问题的诱导原因、参数整定、控制和限流策略切换等；GFM-ES规划配置中，需要在功能性、复杂性、成本等方面进行权衡，以及构网型和跟网型储能的混合配置有待继续研究；加强GFM-ES机组之间的协调性和运行交互性，完善工程测试规范和标准，推动其在交直流混合电网及高压输电网络的应用。
Objectives The characteristics of low inertia and low damping in “double-high” (high renewable energy penetration and high power electronics application) power system pose significant challenges to grid stability, particularly in terms of frequency and voltage. Grid-forming energy storage (GFM-ES), which has the capability of frequency regulation and voltage control, is reviewed in terms of its characteristics, application scenarios, and research outlook. Methods Firstly, the main characteristics of GFM-ES are described from the aspects of the differences between GFM-ES and grid-following energy storage, as well as the control methods. Then, the main application scenarios of GFM-ES, including frequency support, voltage support, and black start, are elaborated. Finally, the research outlook is presented, focusing on the stability, optimal configuration, and practical engineering applications of GFM-ES. Conclusions The stability of GFM converters has an important impact on the operational characteristics of energy storage units, and further attention needs to be paid to the induced causes of the stability problem, parameter tuning, and switching of control and current limiting strategies. The GFM-ES configuration requires trade-offs in terms of functionality, complexity, and cost, and the hybrid configuration of grid-forming and grid-following energy storage needs to be further investigated. Coordination and interoperability between GFM-ES units should be strengthened, and technical test specifications and standards should be improved to promote their application in hybrid AC-DC grids and high-voltage transmission grids. |
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The new power system with high proportion of new energy and power electronic equipment is an important means to achieve the goal of “double carbon”, but the new power system will also bring a series of unstable problems. In the new power system, grid-forming control technology (GFM) has the characteristics of voltage support and active inertia, which can replace synchronous machine to realize grid support and maintain power system stability. Therefore, GFM has a broad development and application prospect. Based on this, this paper first briefly introduced the topology of energy storage converter, and selected its type according to the control characteristics of GFM technology. After that, a reasonable summary and analysis of the existing control strategies of GFM was made, the current research difficulties, problems and challenges in the development process and the research prospects were put forward, and the ideas for the construction of grid-forming construction were provided. |
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孤岛微电网惯性水平低,频率稳定问题显著。基于此,提出了适用于孤岛微电网电压型虚拟同步发电机(voltage-controlled virtual synchronous generators, VSGs)的自适应惯性与频率恢复控制方法,用于孤岛微电网频率稳定性提升。在自适应惯性控制方面,利用转速偏差及其变化率刻画频率动态过程,分别构建其与虚拟惯性的关系;利用双曲正弦函数放大虚拟惯性对转速偏差及其变化率的灵敏度,提高控制的敏感性;引入sigmoid函数,限制虚拟惯性调节范围,抑制控制过程中VSG输出功率的振荡。在频率恢复控制方面,从有功功率供需平衡的角度出发,将频率恢复问题转化为全网有功再平衡问题;利用各台VSG的频率偏差及其变化率估计全网有功再平衡量,并按容量分配每台VSG承担的全网有功再平衡量,实现功率均分。通过不同情境对所提方法进行仿真测试,结果验证了其有效性。
In the isolated microgrid, the inertia level is low, and the problem of the frequency stability is obvious. Based on this background, the adaptive inertia and frequency recovery control method for voltage-controlled virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) in isolated microgrid is proposed to improve the frequency stability of the isolated microgrid. In the aspect of adaptive inertia control, the dynamic process of frequency is described by angular frequency deviation and its change rate, and the relationships between them and the virtual inertia is constructed respectively. The sensitivity of the virtual inertia to the changes of angular frequency deviation and its change rate is amplified by the hyperbolic sine function to improve the sensitivity of control. The sigmoid function is introduced to limit the adjustment range of the virtual inertia and suppress the oscillation of VSG output power in the control process. For the frequency recovery control, from the perspective of active power balance between generation and demand, the frequency recovery problem can be transformed into the rebalancing problem of the active power of the whole system. The frequency deviation and its change rate of each VSG are utilized to estimate the rebalancing amount of the active power of the system, and the rebalancing amount of the active power of the system borne by each VSG is allocated to realize power sharing according to the capacity of each VSG. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation tests in different scenarios. |
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利益冲突声明（Conflict of Interests）： 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
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