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低惯量新型电力系统频率安全评估与惯量协同控制研究综述
沈赋, 魏子玉, 束洪春, 曹旸, 华昊辰, 王健, 单节杉
电力建设 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (8) : 66-87.
PDF(1752 KB)
PDF(1752 KB)
低惯量新型电力系统频率安全评估与惯量协同控制研究综述
Review on Frequency Security Assessment and Coordinated Inertia Control for Low-Inertia Modern Power Systems
【目的】在高比例可再生能源（renewable energy sources，RES）与电力电子设备大规模接入的背景下，传统同步发电机（synchronous generator，SG）占比持续下降，导致新型电力系统的等效转动惯量显著削弱，系统频率安全与稳定运行面临严峻挑战。本文旨在围绕电力系统惯量建模、安全评估与协同控制三大关键领域，对国内外相关研究进展进行系统梳理与综合评述，深入分析低惯量电力系统所面临的核心科学问题与关键技术瓶颈，明确未来研究的重点方向，为低惯量、高不确定性新型电力系统的安全稳定运行提供理论依据与技术路径参考。【方法】系统构建了低惯量新型电力系统安全稳定分析的核心技术体系。首先，分析了低惯量电力系统的本质特征与运行机理，在此基础上建立多维度惯量建模框架，涵盖同步发电机等效惯量建模、电力电子接口设备建模以及多时间尺度动态建模方法。其次，构建面向全运行场景的安全评估方法体系，包括频率安全评估、在线动态安全评估及不确定性条件下的安全评估方法。最后，提出面向空间、多时间尺度特性的协同控制策略，实现风电、光伏、储能与负荷等多类资源的协同优化控制，为系统规划与运行提供技术支撑。【结果】系统总结了低惯量新型电力系统从特性分析、惯量建模、安全评估到协同控制的完整技术体系，深化了对低惯量电力系统运行机理与安全问题的认识，为相关理论研究与工程实践提供了重要参考。【结论】本文研究对保障高比例可再生能源接入条件下新型电力系统的安全、稳定与高效运行具有重要意义。
[Objective] The large-scale integration of high-penetration renewable energy sources（RES）and power-electronic-interfaced devices has continuously displaced the conventional synchronous generators（SG）. This transition has led to a significant reduction in the equivalent rotational inertia of modern power systems， posing unprecedented challenges to frequency security and stable operation. This paper systematically reviews and critically analyzes the state-of-the-art research on power system inertia modeling， security assessment， and coordinated control. By identifying key scientific issues and technological bottlenecks associated with low-inertia power systems， this study clarifies future research priorities and establishes theoretical foundations and technical pathways to support the secure and stable operation of highly uncertain， low-inertia modern power systems. [Methods] This paper develops a comprehensive technical framework for the security and stability analysis of low-inertia modern power systems. First， the fundamental characteristics and operational mechanisms of such systems are examined， based on which a multi-dimensional inertia modeling framework is established， including equivalent inertia modeling of synchronous generators， modeling of power-electronic-interfaced devices， and multi-timescale dynamic modeling. Second， a unified security assessment framework covering diverse operating conditions is proposed， incorporating frequency security assessment， online dynamic security assessment， and assessment under uncertainty. Finally， coordinated control strategies are developed from both spatial and multi-timescale perspectives to enable the optimal coordination of heterogeneous resources—including wind power， photovoltaic systems， energy storage， and flexible loads—thereby supporting system planning and operation. [Results] This paper systematically summarizes the complete technical framework of low-inertia modern power systems， encompassing characteristic analysis， inertia modeling， security assessment， and coordinated control strategies. The presented review deepens the understanding of operational mechanisms and security challenges in low-inertia power systems and provides valuable references for both theoretical research and engineering practice. [Conclusions] The findings offer critical technical support for ensuring the secure， stable， and efficient operation of modern power systems with high penetration of renewable energy sources.
modern power system / low inertia / security assessment / coordinated control
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We introduce physics-informed neural networks - neural networks that are trained to solve supervised learning tasks while respecting any given laws of physics described by general nonlinear partial differential equations. In this work, we present our developments in the context of solving two main classes of problems: data-driven solution and data-driven discovery of partial differential equations. Depending on the nature and arrangement of the available data, we devise two distinct types of algorithms, namely continuous time and discrete time models. The first type of models forms a new family of data-efficient spatio-temporal function approximators, while the latter type allows the use of arbitrarily accurate implicit Runge-Kutta time stepping schemes with unlimited number of stages. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through a collection of classical problems in fluids, quantum mechanics, reaction-diffusion systems, and the propagation of nonlinear shallow-water waves. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc.
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Long-distance transmission of renewable energy via DC is currently a more economical transmission scheme. As the proportion of renewable energy at the generation end continues to rise, the inertia and damping level of the system is reduced, causing serious frequency-related issues. This paper first analyzes the working principle and control method of the LCC-HVDC system, summarizes the frequency control methods of the sending end power grid and their existing problems, and proposes a frequency control scheme for the LCC-HVDC sending end system based on the concept of rapid power compensation (RPC). Finally, the LCC-HVDC system model integrated with the large-capacity wind farm and thermal power plant is built in MATLAB/Simulink. Under conditions of load power fluctuation and sudden wind speed change, the proposed strategy fully utilizes the spare capacity of the system, effectively improves the frequency indexes of the system, and improves the frequency characteristics of the renewable energy sending end grid.
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The large-scale offshore wind power integrated into the onshore power grid through voltage source converter-based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) system is unable to provide inertia response and frequency support to the onshore power grid. To improve the frequency characteristics of the receiving-end power grid, a coordinated frequency control strategy combining VSC-HVDC and offshore wind power is proposed. The onshore converter adopts virtual inertia control, which uses DC capacitors to absorb or release energy for inertia support after the receiving-end grid is disturbed. Wind-farm-side VSC (WFVSC) obtains the frequency signal of the receiving-end power grid by detecting the local DC voltage. The offshore wind farm (OWF) transfers the frequency deviation into an additional power signal and sends it to the power controller to adjust the output, thereby performing inertia and primary frequency response. In addition, a secondary frequency regulation strategy for wind farms has been designed to achieve non-difference frequency regulation of the receiving-end power grid. Finally, a simulation model of VSC-HVDC integrated OWF system is constructed to demonstrate the proposed coordinated frequency control strategy for VSC-HVDC and OWF. The results indicate that the proposed control strategy can effectively enhance the frequency support capability of the receiving-end power grid.
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所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
沈赋、束洪春、曹旸进行了研究设计；魏子玉、王健参与了论文写作；华昊辰、单节杉参与了论文修订。所有作者均阅读并同意了论文终稿内容。
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