计及次级“路-网-站”的高速路网实时充电导航策略

季陈林, 杨祺铭, 刘友波, 邢强, 汤迪霏, 刘达夫

电力建设 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (8) : 161-175.

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电力建设 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (8) : 161-175. DOI: 10.12204/j.issn.1000-7229.2026.08.011
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计及次级“路-网-站”的高速路网实时充电导航策略

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Real-Time Charging Navigation Strategy for Expressway Electric Vehicles Considering Secondary Road Network, Regional Distribution Network and Fast Charging Station

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摘要

【目的】随着电动汽车渗透率的不断增加,出行高峰时段高速路网充电资源与需求错配愈发严重。为解决该问题,本文提出一种计及次级道路、区域配电网和次级路网快充站的高速路网全过程实时充电导航策略。【方法】首先,基于高速路网物理形态特征分别对计及次级路网的高速路网、车辆高速充电行为、次级路网配电网进行建模。然后,将影响用户充电导航决策的多维因素基于个性化偏好转化为多级综合道路阻抗,建立个性化动态路阻(personalized dynamic road resistance, PDRR)模型。最后,通过两阶段实时充电引导,以提升用户高速路网全过程充电体验为目标对导航方案进行优化。在阶段一,基于实时路网信息初步选取综合路阻最低的快充站。在阶段二,使用改进的Floyd-Warshall算法识别PDRR模型中权重最低的路线并实时更新。两个阶段均对影响用户充电体验各主要因素的个体偏好和实时路况信息进行考虑。【结果】基于实际多级路网的仿真算例结果表明,相较于纯高速路网策略,计及次级“路-网-站”因素使高峰时段各充电站平均充电时长下降53.97%,引导方案与用户需求整体匹配度上升1.96%。【结论】所提实时充电导航策略可有效降低综合充电成本,缓解高峰时段高速路网充电拥堵,各级快充站运行经济性和可靠性也得到显著提升。

Abstract

[Objective] With the increasing continuous increase in electric vehicle penetration, the mismatch between charging resources and demand on expressways during peak travel periods is becoming increasingly prominent. To address this issue, this paper proposes a real-time charging navigation strategy for the entire charging process on expressways, considering secondary roads, regional distribution networks, and fast-charging stations within the secondary road network. [Methods] First, the expressway network considering secondary road networks, charging behavior of drivers, and the secondary distribution network are modeled based on the physical characteristics of the expressway network. Then, the multi-dimensional factors influencing users’ charging navigation decisions are converted into a multi-level road comprehensive impedance based on individual preferences, establishing a personalized dynamic road resistance (PDRR) model. Finally, through a two-stage real-time charging guidance, the navigation scheme is optimized with the goal of enhancing users' overall charging experience on the expressway network. In the first stage, the fast-charging station with the lowest comprehensive road resistance is preliminary selected based on real-time network information. In the second stage, an improved Floyd-Warshall algorithm is used to identify the route with the lowest weight in the PDRR model in real time and update it accordingly. Both stages incorporate individual preferences and real-time traffic information affecting various key factors of the user charging experience. [Results] Simulation results based on a real multi-level road network show that, compared with the strategy considering only the pure expressway road network, incorporating the secondary "road-network-station" factors reduces the average charging time of each charging station during peak hours by 53.97%, and increases the overall matching degree between the guidance scheme and user demand by 1.96%. [Conclusions] The proposed real-time charging navigation strategy can effectively reduce the overall charging cost, alleviate charging congestion on the expressway network during peak periods, and significantly improve the operational economy and reliability of fast charging stations.

关键词

电动汽车 / 多级路网 / 区域配电网 / 次级快充站 / 充电导航

Key words

electric vehicle / multi-level expressway network / regional distribution network / secondary fast charging station / charging navigation

引用本文

导出引用
季陈林, 杨祺铭, 刘友波, . 计及次级“路-网-站”的高速路网实时充电导航策略[J]. 电力建设. 2026, 47(8): 161-175 https://doi.org/10.12204/j.issn.1000-7229.2026.08.011
JI Chenlin, YANG Qiming, LIU Youbo, et al. Real-Time Charging Navigation Strategy for Expressway Electric Vehicles Considering Secondary Road Network, Regional Distribution Network and Fast Charging Station[J]. Electric Power Construction. 2026, 47(8): 161-175 https://doi.org/10.12204/j.issn.1000-7229.2026.08.011
中图分类号: TM732   

附录A 计及次级路网高速交通网的拓扑结构

图A1展示了计及次级路网高速交通网的拓扑结构,其包含高速路网和次级路网节点、高速和次级路段和综合道路阻抗元素。基于图论的路网建模如下:

$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{G}_{n}=(V,L,T,W)\\ \begin{array}{l}V=\left\{{v}_{i}|i=\mathrm{1,2},3,\dots,n\right\}\\ L={L}^{1}\bigcup {L}^{2}\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{l}{L}^{1}=\left\{{l}_{i.j}^{1}|i,j\in V,{v}_{1}\ne {v}_{2}\right\}\\ {L}^{2}=\left\{{l}_{i.j}^{2}|i,j\in V,{v}_{1}\ne {v}_{2}\right\}\end{array}\\ T=\left\{{t}_{i}|{t}_{1},{t}_{2},\dots,{t}_{m}\right\}\\ W=\left\{{w}_{i,j}^{t}|{l}_{i,j}\in {L}^{1}\bigcup {L}^{2},t\in T\right\}\end{array}\right.$

式中:Gn为计及次级路网的高速路网图模型;VGn中的路网节点集合;L1为高速道路集合;L2为次级道路集合;W为综合路阻 ${w}_{i,j}^{t}$的集合,对于不同类型的电动汽车用户,其参数计算方式也不同。

图A1 计及次级路网的高速路网拓扑

Fig.A1 Expressway network topology considering secondary road network

${w}_{i,j}^{t}$的赋值规则如下:

${w}_{i,j}^{t}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{w}_{i,j}^{t},& {l}_{i,j}\in L\\ 0,& {v}_{i}={v}_{j}\\ \mathrm{\infty },& {l}_{i,j}\notin L\end{array}\right.$

附录B 电动汽车出行模型

对于高速路网中的第x辆EV,其初始SOC等出行参数采用蒙特卡罗方法抽取:

${\Gamma }_{x}^{}=\left\{{S}_{t,x},{t}_{\mathrm{s},x},{t}_{\mathrm{e},x},{O}_{t,x},{D}_{t,x}\right\}$

式中:ts,xte,x分别为第x辆电动汽车出发和到达时刻;Ot,xDt,x分别为第x辆电动汽车出行的出发点和到达点的集合。

可采用马尔可夫状态转移矩阵[9]对电动汽车在各高速路网节点的转移概率进行表述:

$\mathit{P}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0& {p}_{\mathrm{1,2}}& \cdots & {p}_{1,n}\\ {p}_{\mathrm{2,1}}& 0& \cdots & {p}_{2,n}\\ ⋮& ⋮& & ⋮\\ {p}_{n,1}& {p}_{n,2}& \cdots & 0\end{array}\right]$

式中:对角线元素为车辆不移动的概率,非对角线元素为车辆由原路段节点转移到各新节点的概率。采用 Dijkstra算法用于寻找电动汽车出发点到目的地的最优行驶路径。完成这段驾驶后,更新模拟时间t。通过反复使用该概率矩阵,可以描述电动汽车在高速路网上的出行特征。

充放电次数的增加必然导致电池实际容量的衰退。根据EV数据库中的容量数据,可拟合出一个合适的概率密度函数来模拟实际电池容量分布:

$g\left({C}_{x}^{\mathrm{r}};\mu,\sigma \right)=\frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\mathrm{\pi }}}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left[\frac{-{\left({C}_{x}^{\mathrm{r}}-\mu \right)}^{2}}{2{\sigma }^{2}}\right]$

式中:μ=23.0,σ=9.5。当电池容量为9.6~72 kW·h,初始SOC为0~1时,电动汽车的初始电量可计算为:

${C}_{0,x}={C}_{x}^{\mathrm{r}}\cdot {S}_{t,x}$

附录C 仿真参数设定

快充站参数设定:共计6座高速路网快充站和12座次级路网快充站分别位于高速路网节点1、7、12、23、30、43和次级路网节点3、5、8、12、13、16、18、22、27、28、33、35、38附近。快充站是交通网与电网耦合的主要接口,本文中各快充站按地理分布,分别接入4个不同配电网供电节点,其具体对应关系及充电桩个数见附表C1

表C1 快充站与配电网节点对应关系及充电桩数量

Table C1 Correspondence between fast charging station and distribution network node and the number of charging piles

充电站所在路网节点 充电站所在配网 充电站所在配网节点 充电桩数量 充电站所在路网节点 充电站所在配网 充电站所在配网节点 充电桩数量
1 1 3 16 22 3 25 10
3 1 17 10 23 3 3 16
5 1 32 10 27 3 17 8
7 1 1 16 28 4 32 8
8 2 25 10 30 4 3 16
12 2 3 16 33 4 32 10
13 2 17 10 35 4 17 10
16 2 32 6 38 1 25 10
18 3 31 10 43 2 1 16

多级路网参数设定:70条道路可按路段等级和实时路况被分为高速路网(拥堵)、高速路网(畅通)、次级路网(拥堵)、次级路网(畅通)4种类型,路段起止节点和具体路况类型的对应关系见附表C2,各类型路况对应的实时路况曲线见附图C1

表C2 路况类型对应关系

Table C2 Road condition type correspondence

起始节点 终止节点 路况类型 起始节点 终止节点 路况类型 起始节点 终止节点 路况类型
1 2 高速拥堵 12 13 次级拥堵 26 28 次级畅通
1 20 高速畅通 12 14 高速拥堵 27 29 次级拥堵
2 3 次级拥堵 12 34 高速畅通 27 30 次级畅通
2 4 高速畅通 13 14 次级拥堵 28 30 次级拥堵
2 5 次级畅通 14 35 次级拥堵 28 31 次级拥堵
2 20 高速畅通 14 36 次级拥堵 28 32 次级畅通
3 4 次级畅通 14 42 高速拥堵 29 30 高速畅通
4 5 次级畅通 15 16 次级畅通 30 31 高速畅通
4 6 高速拥堵 15 24 次级拥堵 31 39 高速畅通
5 15 次级拥堵 16 17 次级畅通 32 37 次级畅通
5 22 次级畅通 17 18 次级拥堵 33 34 次级畅通
6 7 高速拥堵 17 25 高速畅通 34 35 次级畅通
6 15 次级拥堵 18 19 次级拥堵 34 37 高速畅通
7 8 次级畅通 18 26 次级畅通 35 36 次级畅通
7 9 高速拥堵 19 33 次级畅通 35 37 次级畅通
7 16 次级拥堵 20 21 高速畅通 36 38 次级畅通
7 17 次级畅通 20 22 次级畅通 36 41 次级畅通
8 9 次级畅通 21 22 次级畅通 37 38 次级畅通
9 10 高速拥堵 21 23 高速畅通 37 40 高速畅通
9 18 次级畅通 22 24 次级拥堵 39 40 高速拥堵
10 11 高速拥堵 23 29 高速畅通 40 41 高速拥堵
10 19 次级畅通 24 27 次级畅通 41 42 高速拥堵
11 12 高速拥堵 25 30 高速畅通 42 43 高速拥堵
11 33 次级畅通
图C1 多级路网实时路况曲线

Fig.C1 Real-time traffic curve for multi-level road network

电动汽车设置:本文选用比亚迪元plus(电池容量:49.92 kWh,高速路网平均电耗:15 kWh/100 km,次级路网平均电耗:12 kWh/100 km)作为仿真车型。由于电池可能存在容量衰减退化,电动汽车的实际容量为正态分布(45,9.5),范围为40~47.3 kWh,初始荷电状态采用范围为0至1的均匀分布。参与模拟的电动汽车总数为2000辆,可分为4种类型:类型1,距离敏感型用户,主要偏好为避免里程焦虑;类型2,时间敏感型用户,主要偏好为减少总行程时间;类型3,价格敏感型用户,主要偏好为减少总充电费用;类型4,均衡型用户,在距离、时间和费用3个主要指标上有相同的偏好,4种类型的电动汽车数量分别为400、500、500、600。综合电池容量、充电功率、高速平均时速等数据,计算满电场景下,用户在高速路网单次行驶时长及充电时长均未满足交通安全法规要求,因此本文设定用户可在车辆充电的同时得到充分休息。

附录D 计及次级“路-网-站”因素对EV用户侧影响分析

充电时间数据进一步佐证了计及次级“路-网-站”因素的对充电拥堵现象缓解的有效性。图D1给出了各高速路网快充站平均充电花费时间箱线图。以FCS7为例,不计及次级“路-网-站”因素时,其充电时间四分位数范围为91.5~163.4 min,而在计及次级“路-网-站”因素时,该指标范围仅为53.7~76.8 min,表明排队时长得到有效缓解。

图D1 各高速路网快充站平均充电花费时间

Fig.D1 Average charging time of fast charging stations on various expressway networks

图D2给出了计及次级“路-网-站”因素前后的充电决策结果对比,图中蓝、橙、紫和绿4种颜色圆点分别表示4种类型EV分别基于各自需求偏好做出的充电决策结果在充电距离、充电时间、总经济成本三个维度上的数据分布。

图D2 用户的充电行为三维数据分析

Fig.D2 Number of vehicles waiting and charging in fast charging stations

分析图D2(a)中的结果可以看出,偏好最短距离的类型1用户充电距离最短,与之对应的是显著增加的充电时间和经济成本;偏好最低费用的类型3用户付出了额外的路程和时间成本。综合分析可以得到以下结论:1)充电时间和充电距离在一定程度上呈正相关,而充电距离与充电费用呈负相关;2)与充电决策相关的三个因素是相互耦合的,仅以满足单一因素为目标进行优化将不可避免地导致其他因素的成本上升。

图D2(b)引入次级路网因素后,各类型用户的充电需求在3个维度上的分布均实现了降低,这表明了次级路网引入分流作用并不局限于特定类型用户,由于充电拥堵的缓解,所有类型用户均可受益。

图D3给出了计及次级“路-网-站”前后各类型EV用户需求匹配度的变化。如图D3(a)所示,在高峰充电时段15:30—19:00,EV类型3、4的需求匹配度已接近70%。相比之下,计及次级“路-网-站”因素后,所有类型EV的需求匹配度均达到了80%以上。表D1所列出的数据显示,4种类型EV平均充电需求匹配度均得到明显提升。其中,EV类型2提升最多,共计提升了7.98%。此外,4类EV平均匹配度提升也达到了4.62%。

图D3 各类型EV用户充电需求匹配度

Fig.D3 Matching degree of charging preferences among various types of EV drivers

表D1 四种用户的平均充电需求匹配度

Table D1 Average charging time of four type of EV in two scenarios

EV类型 平均充电需求匹配度/% EV类型 平均充电需求匹配度/%
不计及次级“路-网-站” 计及次级“路-网-站” 不计及次级“路-网-站” 计及次级“路-网-站”
1 95.22 96.97 3 89.97 92.49
2 86.99 94.97 4 87.33 92.76

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摘要
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摘要
新能源以分布式电源的形式接入配电网,给系统带来了不可控性、随机性和波动性问题。借助现代电力电子、信息通信及自动控制等技术,灵活可控的主动配电网成为发展趋势,其中主动配电网规划是近年来研究的热点之一。综合国内外在这一领域的研究成果,对主动配电网规划相关研究内容及其方法进行总结、分析及展望。对主动配电网基本结构进行了描述,介绍了配电网组成元素的特点;根据其控制变量的不同,对主动配电网规划模型进行了归类,总结了模型中的优化目标;针对常用模型求解算法及其优缺点进行分析、总结;通过对关键性问题的讨论,分析了未来主动配电网的发展趋势。
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The new energy is connected to the distribution network in the form of distributed generation, which brings uncontrollability, randomness and volatility to the system. With the help of modern power electronics, information and communication and automatic control technologies, the active distribution network with flexibility and controllability has become a development trend. The active distribution network planning is one of the major research fields in recent years. Based on the research results in this field at home and abroad, the research contents and methods of active distribution network planning were summarized, analyzed and prospected. The basic structure of the active distribution network was described, and the characteristics of the components of the distribution network were introduced. According to the different control variables, the planning models of active distribution network were classified, the optimization objectives in the model were summarized. The commonly used model solving algorithms and their advantages and disadvantages were analyzed and summarized. Through the discussion of key issues, the development trend of active distribution network in the future was analyzed.

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摘要
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利益冲突声明(Conflict of Interests)

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明(Authors' Contributions)

季陈林进行了研究设计,建立模型并进行数据分析,提出本文的核心方法,设计论文框架,负责论文写作与修订;杨祺铭参与模型建立、数据分析、撰写论文;刘友波参与研究方案可行性调查分析;邢强参与研究思路设计、数据收集、图谱绘制;汤迪霏参与论文修订、审核;刘达夫参与论文修订、审核。所有作者均阅读并同意了论文终稿内容。

基金

国家自然科学基金项目(52277105)
江苏省基础研究计划自然科学基金项目(BK20240652)
国家电网有限公司人才培育支持项目(52090025003G-511-RC)

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