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基于Stackelberg博弈与VCG机制的电动汽车聚合商鲁棒定价与优化调度
张素芳, 杨政益, 马琨程, 任中睿, 王怡
电力建设 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (8) : 219-228.
PDF(1577 KB)
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基于Stackelberg博弈与VCG机制的电动汽车聚合商鲁棒定价与优化调度
Robust Pricing and Optimal Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Aggregators Based on Stackelberg Game and VCG Mechanism
【目的】为挖掘多市场环境下电动汽车（electric vehicle， EV）调节潜力，解决聚合商与用户间信息不对称及调度偏差问题，构建兼顾多方利益的优化调度模型。【方法】建立“电力市场-聚合商-用户”三层Stackelberg博弈模型。聚合商作为领导者，统筹电能量、调频及绿色电力证书收益，采用鲁棒优化应对价格波动；设计基于维克里-克拉克-格罗夫斯（Vickrey-Clarke-Groves， VCG）的激励相容机制消除用户虚报动机；引入非线性电池损耗模型，利用逆向归纳法与线性化技术求解博弈均衡。【结果】算例表明，所提机制使系统峰值负荷降低17.4%，用户综合成本下降16.27%；验证了如实上报私有信息为用户最优策略；聚合商仅需让渡不足10%的利润即可降低80%以上物理执行偏差。【结论】VCG机制有效实现了用户侧风险隔离；多市场耦合与鲁棒优化显著提升了聚合商抗风险能力；明确了电池成本低于1000元/kWh为车网互动（vehicle-to-grid， V2G）规模化应用的经济临界点。
[Objective] This paper aims to tap into the regulation potential of electric vehicles （EVs） within multi-market environments， to address the critical issues of information asymmetry and scheduling deviations between aggregators and users， and construct an optimal scheduling model that balances the interests of multiple parties. [Methods] A three-layer "electricity market-aggregator-user" Stackelberg game model is established. In this framework， the aggregator acts as the leader to coordinate revenues from the energy market， frequency regulation market， and green electricity certificate transactions. To handle price uncertainties， a robust optimization approach has been employed. Furthermore， an incentive-compatible mechanism based on the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves （VCG） theory is designed to eliminate the motivation for users to misreport their private information. To enhance model accuracy， a non-linear battery degradation model is introduced， and the game equilibrium is solved using backward induction combined with professional linearization techniques. [Results] Case studies demonstrate that the proposed mechanism reduces the system peak load by 17.4% and lowers the comprehensive costs for users by 16.27%. The analysis verifies that truthful reporting of private information is the optimal strategy for users under the VCG-based incentive mechanism. Notably， the aggregator can reduce physical execution deviations by over 80% by conceding less than 10% of its potential profits， indicating a high efficiency in risk mitigation. [Conclusions] The VCG mechanism effectively achieves risk isolation on the user side. The coupling of multiple markets and the application of robust optimization significantly bolster the aggregator’s resilience against market volatility. Moreover， it is identified that a battery cost below 1000 CNY/kWh serves as the economic threshold for the large-scale deployment of vehicle-to-grid （V2G） applications.
车网协同 / 电动汽车聚合商 / Stackelberg博弈 / 鲁棒定价 / 激励相容
vehicle-grid coordination / electric vehicle aggregator / Stackelberg game / robust pricing / incentive compatible
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所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
张素芳提出研究方向，修订并审核论文；杨政益设计研究方案，进行实证研究；马琨程参与论文写作和修订；任中睿收集数据、采集、清洗与分析数据；王怡参与撰写论文。所有作者均阅读并同意了论文终稿内容。
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