“双碳”目标下新能源大规模发展,新能源的发展给各能源主体带来了影响,如何量化评估新能源渗透给能源主体带来的影响成为研究重点。首先,基于改进的K-means算法构建基于典型场景集的新能源出力模型;然后,从源-网-荷-储出发,构建火力发电商、电网、用户、储能运营商的决策优化模型;其次,构建考虑新能源渗透的多能源主体效益评估模型;最后,进行算例分析,算例结果验证了模型的有效性。

Under the “double carbon” target, new energy has been developed on a large scale. The development of new energy has brought an impact on various energy subjects. How to quantitatively evaluate the impact of new energy penetration on energy subjects has become a research focus. Firstly, this paper builds a new energy output model based on a set of typical scenarios applying the improved K-means algorithm. Then, the decision-making optimization model for thermal power generators, power grids, users, and energy storage operators is constructed. Secondly, this paper constructs a benefit evaluation model for multiple energy entities, which considers the penetration of new energy sources. Finally, a numerical example is analyzed, and the result of the numerical example verifies the validity of the model.

在“双碳”政策的加持下,储能行业发展迅猛,移动储能系统作为一种新兴结构在应急场景和快速响应场景中应用前景广阔。合理的集群协同控制是实现移动储能系统智能化、灵活调控的关键。该文首先结合应急场景特性对移动储能的发展历程与应用现状进行了梳理;其次,对移动储能系统的模型、结构进行了分析;然后,对移动储能系统协同控制研究现状进行了总结,并分析了基于多智能体控制的移动储能集群与多电力主体协同控制的可行性;最后,总结了移动储能系统集群协同控制的优势,并提出相应建议,为移动储能方案的实施提供借鉴和参考。

With the support of the “double carbon” policy, the energy storage industry is developing rapidly. As an emerging structure, mobile energy storage system has a broad application prospect in emergency scenarios and rapid response scenarios. Reasonable cluster cooperative control is the key method to realize intelligent and flexible regulation of mobile energy storage system. Firstly, the development history and application status of mobile energy storage are summarized according to the characteristics of emergency scenarios. Secondly, the model and structure of mobile energy storage system are analyzed. Then, the research status of cooperative control of mobile energy storage system is summarized. Furthermore, the cooperative control of mobile energy storage cluster and multi-power agent based on multi-agent control are analyzed. Finally, the advantages of cluster collaborative control of mobile energy storage system are summarized and corresponding suggestions are put forward to provide references for the implementation of mobile energy storage scheme.

综合能源系统是实现“双碳”目标的有效途径,为进一步挖掘其需求侧可调节潜力对碳减排的作用,提出了一种碳交易机制下考虑需求响应的综合能源系统优化运行模型。首先,根据负荷响应特性将需求响应分为价格型和替代型2类,分别建立了基于价格弹性矩阵的价格型需求响应模型,及考虑用能侧电能和热能相互转换的替代型需求响应模型;其次,采用基准线法为系统无偿分配碳排放配额,并考虑燃气轮机和燃气锅炉的实际碳排放量,构建一种面向综合能源系统的碳交易机制;最后,以购能成本、碳交易成本及运维成本之和最小为目标函数,建立综合能源系统低碳优化运行模型,并通过4类典型场景对所提模型的有效性进行了验证。通过对需求响应灵敏度、燃气轮机热分配比例和不同碳交易价格下系统的运行状态分析发现,合理分配价格型和替代型需求响应及燃气轮机产热比例有利于提高系统运行经济性,制定合理的碳交易价格可以实现系统经济性和低碳性协同。

The integrated energy system (IES) is an effective way to achieve the“carbon neutrality and emission peak”goal. In order to further explore the role of the adjustable potential of demand side on carbon emission reduction, an optimized operation model of IES considering the demand response under the carbon trading mechanism is proposed. Firstly, according to the characteristics of load response, the demand response is divided into two types: price-type and substitution-type. The price-type demand response model is established on the basis of price elasticity matrix, and the substitution-type demand response model is constructed by considering the conversion of electricity and heat. Secondly, base-line method is used to allocate free carbon emission quota for the system, and considering the actual carbon emissions of gas turbine and gas boiler, a carbon trading mechanism for the IES is constructed. Finally, a low-carbon optimal operation model of IES is established, whose objective is to minimize the sum cost of energy purchase, cost of carbon transaction and cost of IES operation and maintenance. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified through four typical scenarios. By analyzing the sensitivity of demand response, heat distribution ratio of gas turbine and the operating state of the system under different carbon trading prices, it is found that reasonable allocation of price-type and substitution-type demand response and heat production ratio of gas turbine is beneficial to improve the operating economy of the system. Making reasonable carbon trading price can realize the coordination of system economy and low carbon.

随着“双碳目标”的提出和可再生能源渗透率的增加,确保电力系统灵活运行变得愈加重要。针对源、荷、储等多类分布式灵活性资源,构建了电力市场环境下计及风光不确定性和共享储能的虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)运行优化和双层效益分配模型。首先,构建了含分布式风光机组、共享储能、柔性负荷的VPP系统结构,并建立了两级电力市场交易机制。其次,利用场景生成与削减的方法处理了风光出力不确定性,在此基础上以VPP运行收益最大化为目标,构建了考虑日前-实时交易的VPP运行优化模型。再次,为保障参与主体收入公平性和合理性,基于双层合作博弈Owen值法,分别建立了VPP参与主体收益分配策略和共享储能投资主体收益分配策略。最后,通过算例分析验证了所提模型的有效性。算例结果表明含共享储能的VPP能够有效降低风光不确定性造成的干扰,提高VPP在日前-实时两级市场中的收益;通过Owen值法对各投资主体进行效益分配,有助于保障系统的公平合理性。

With the proposal of "double carbon target" and the increase of renewable energy penetration rate, it becomes more and more important to ensure the flexible operation of power system. In order to aggregate multiple types of distributed flexible resources such as power generators, load and storage, this paper constructs an operation optimization and two-layer benefit allocation models for virtual power plants (VPP), which considers the uncertainty of wind and solar power and shared energy storage under the environment of electricity market. Firstly, a VPP system structure including distributed PV and wind power generators, shared energy storage and flexible load is constructed, and a two-level power market trading mechanism is established. Secondly, the method of scenario generation and reduction is used to deal with the uncertainty of wind and solar power output. On this basis, the VPP operation optimization model considering day-ahead and real-time trades is constructed with the goal of maximizing VPP operation income. Thirdly, in order to guarantee the fairness and rationality of participants' income, the income distribution strategies for VPP participants and shared energy storage investors are established on the basis of the Owen value method of two-layer cooperative game. Finally, an example analysis is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model. The example results show that VPP with shared energy storage can effectively reduce the interference caused by wind and solar power uncertainty and increase the income of VPP in two-level market. The income distribution of each investment subject through Owen value method is conducive to ensuring the fairness and rationality of the system.

热电联产（combined heat and power，CHP）机组“以热定电”的运行模式极大制约了系统调峰能力，导致弃风限电形势严峻，突破CHP机组热电间刚性耦合关系成为促进风电消纳的关键。基于此，采用虚拟电厂模式聚合CHP机组等分布式能源作为整体参与电网运行，充分考虑用户舒适度，将固定负荷曲线转换为需求区间，使热、电负荷在时间轴上具备柔性可调能力，在满足用户舒适度的同时灵活调整CHP机组出力，有效缓解弃风现象。此外，采用多场景法处理风电出力不确定性，以虚拟电厂自身收益最大化为目标构建热电协调调度随机规划模型，实现热、电系统的协调优化运行。最后，通过算例验证所构建模型的有效性和合理性，结果表明：考虑用户舒适度能够有效促进风电消纳，提升虚拟电厂经济效益。

Combined heat and power （CHP） units operates at the "ordering power by heat" mode， which causes the insufficient of the peak shaving capacity and restricts the wind power integration， breaking the rigid coupling of electric power generation and heat supply is the key to alleviate the problem of wind power curtailment. Aiming to solve the problems， this paper adopts virtual power plant model combined CHP units and other distributed energy as a whole to participate in the grid operation， the fixed load curve is converted into an demand interval by fully considering the customers comfort level. It can flexibly adjust the output of the CHP unit while satisfying the customers comfort level and effectively reduce wind curtailment. In addition， using multi-scenario method to deal with wind power output uncertainty， a stochastic programming model with the goal of maximizing the profit of the VPP is established， which can realize coordinated scheduling optimization of heat and electric power. Finally， an example is given to verify the validity and rationality of the constructed model. The results show that considering user comfort can effectively promote wind power consumption and improve the economic efficiency of virtual power plants.

为进一步促进园区级综合能源系统(park integrated energy system,PIES)的可再生能源消纳和碳减排,优化园区级综合能源系统的运行总成本,提出一种碳-绿色证书交易机制下考虑回收电转气(power to gas,P2G)余热和需求响应的园区级综合能源系统优化调度模型。首先,考虑阶梯式碳交易机制和绿色证书交易制度,以促进可再生能源的消纳和碳减排。其次,引入回收余热的电转气设备,优化电-热-气耦合关系来提高系统消纳可再生能源和碳减排水平。然后,建立含可削减、转移、替代负荷的需求侧响应模型,指导用户的用能方式由高能耗、高污染向低碳、可持续转变。最后,以购能成本、弃风惩罚成本、需求响应补偿成本、阶梯式碳交易成本、绿色证书交易收益之和最小为目标,构建PIES优化调度模型。算例结果表明,该模型可以有效促进可再生能源消纳和碳减排并降低系统运行成本。

In order to further promote the renewable energy consumption and carbon emission reduction of the park integrated energy system (PIES), and optimize the total operation cost of the PIES, this paper proposes a PIES optimization scheduling model considering the recovery of waste heat from power to gas (P2G) and demand response under the carbon-green certificate trading mechanism. Firstly, the stepwise carbon trading mechanism and green certificate trading system are considered to promote the consumption of renewable energy and carbon emission reduction. Secondly, the P2G equipment to recover waste heat is introduced, and the electric-heat-gas coupling relationship is optimized to improve the system's renewable energy consumption and carbon emission reduction level. Then, a demand-side response model including reduced, transferred and substituted loads is established to guide users to change their energy use mode from high energy consumption and high pollution to low-carbon and sustainable. Finally, the PIES optimization scheduling model is constructed to minimize the sum of energy purchase cost, wind curtailment penalty cost, demand response compensation cost, stepped carbon trading cost and green certificate trading revenue. The simulation results show that the model can effectively promote the renewable energy consumption and carbon emission reduction and reduce the system operation cost.