Abstract Writing Requirements
For scientific journals, the abstract should get straight to the point without excessive background information. It should include the four essential elements: objective (the problem being studied), methods, results, and conclusions. Abstracts should focus on describing the work conducted by authors, without self-evaluation. Modifiers should be minimized. Short sentences are encouraged.

This journal adopts structured abstracts for all papers, with the Chinese abstract generally being around 500 words. A structured abstract typically includes four elements: objective, methods, results, and conclusions. The writing guidelines for the structured abstract is as follows:

• Objective: Provide information on the background, objectives, tasks, and the scope in the research, development, or investigation.
• Methods: Offer details on the theories, techniques, materials, processes, structures, tools, equipment, algorithms, and programs used.
• Results: Provide the results of experiments or research, data, identified relationships, observations, effects, performance, and other relevant information.
• Conclusions: Offer analysis, comparison, evaluation, and application of results, as well as any issues, viewpoints, or theories raised. This section can also include hypotheses, insights, suggestions, predictions, and future research topics. The main innovations of the paper can be highlighted here. Sometimes, the limitations of the study may also be added, where the researcher objectively discusses the limitations and offers research recommendations.

The content of the English abstract should correspond to the Chinese abstract, but it can include more information and be longer in length. The translation of technical terms should be accurate. The use of tense, grammar, and punctuation should be correct. Missing information or incomplete sentences should be avoided. The use of tenses in English should be appropriate. It is recommended to use the present tense to describe the research objectives, outline the research content, present the results, draw conclusions, and make suggestions. The past tense should be used to describe the author's work, including discoveries made at a particular time (or over a specific period) and the processes of experiments, observations, investigations, discussions, etc. Acronyms should be spelled out the first time they are used.