Abstracts

For scientific journals, the abstract should be straight to the point without including too much background information, which include four parts: objective (the problem to be investigated), methods, results, and conclusions. It is not necessary to use "this paper" or "the author" as sentence subjects. The abstract should focus on highlighting the work done by the authors without self-evaluation. It is advisable to avoid modifiers and overly long and complex sentences. Generally, the Chinese abstract should be 300-400 characters, and the English abstract should be 200-300 words, with 5-8 keywords. The abstract is a summary of the full text so that peer readers could be able to understand key information provided in the article. Charts, formulas, or citations should be avoided in the abstract.