With the development of a low-carbon economy, the coupling degree of electric thermal gas systems is continuously increasing. The operation mode of traditional energy supply systems using electric heating separation mode and hierarchical dispatching of transmission and distribution networks has made it difficult to mine entire network resources and realize a global optimal operation strategy. To increase the consumption of new energy and solve the multi-energy current coupling system, this study proposes a layered optimization operation strategy for an electric-thermal multi-energy current coupling system with a concentrated solar power (CSP) plant and a carbon trading mechanism. The upper layer is the solution layer of a multi-energy coupled flow system. To solve the matrix values of a complex multi-energy coupled flow system, Newton's, improved Newton's, and improved second-order cone collaborative solution methods are proposed. The lower layer is a multi-energy flow optimization layer. According to the system solution values obtained from the upper layer, the lower-layer optimization aims to minimize the total user cost. A carbon trading mechanism model was introduced to optimize the time sequence output of an electric thermal unit under different scenarios, and a mixed-integer linear programming method was adopted. Finally, its validity was verified through simulation. The results show that this method can optimize the operation of the system and improve its accuracy and rapidity. In addition, the “carbon trading and CSP power station” method can better constrain the carbon emission of multi-energy flow coupling systems, reduce the energy pressure of the device, and improve the economy of the total cost of the user.