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Review of Inertia Response and Market Mechanisms for Low-Inertia Modern Power Systems
DENG Jianhua, LIU Jichun, LIU Junyong
Electric Power Construction ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (11) : 1-15.
PDF(1518 KB)
PDF(1518 KB)
Review of Inertia Response and Market Mechanisms for Low-Inertia Modern Power Systems
[Objective] As synchronous generators are progressively replaced，power systems are gradually exhibiting low-inertia characteristics，which poses new challenges to frequency stability. In this context，this paper presents a comprehensive review and prospect of inertia research in low-inertia systems. [Methods] First，the support mechanism of inertia for frequency security is analyzed，and based on this analysis，the frequency security constraints of low-inertia systems are constructed. Then，inertia response strategies in low-inertia systems are reviewed from the source，grid，load，and storage sides，and a multi-timescale coordination framework for inertia and other generalized frequency resources is discussed at both technical and market levels，aiming to improve the utilization efficiency of frequency response resources. [Results] Key challenges in current inertia response research are summarized and future research directions are discussed，with the aim of providing a reference for frequency security studies in new power systems. [Conclusions] This paper is of reference value to both theoretical research and practical applications of frequency security in modern power systems.
low inertia / frequency stability / inertia response / source-grid-load-storage
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A large number of wind power, photovoltaic and other new energy equipment are connected to the power grid, and the system gradually presents the characteristics of low inertia, which will bring a series of frequency safety problems.Traditional frequency characteristic analysis methods are difficult to accurately grasp the changes in system frequency characteristics after the participation of new energy in inertia support and primary frequency modulation. In order to explore the frequency characteristics and situation changes of the system considering the contribution of wind power-photovoltaic-energy storage to frequency modulation, a new frequency response model is constructed based on the traditional frequency response model and the contribution of wind power-photovoltaic-energy storage to frequency modulation is defined. The frequency characteristic transfer function is used to set the parameters of the system frequency modulation unit. Then the frequency stability index of the power system is quantitatively analyzed, and the influence of the inertia time constant and the control coefficient of each frequency modulation unit on the frequency stability is analyzed from the angle of frequency domain. Finally, the theoretical analysis is verified by MATLAB/Simulink platform. The method of analyzing the frequency characteristics of the new power system from the perspective of time domain and frequency domain can accurately predict the frequency situation of the system considering the contribution degree of wind power-photovoltaic-energy storage frequency modulation, and provide guidance for the safe operation of the new power system frequency considering the inertia support of wind power-photovoltaic-energy storage and primary frequency modulation. |
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Aiming at the problems of system inertia reduction and frequency regulation capacity reduction at the sending-end of large-scale wind power via the ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) transmission system, a multi-time scale coordinated control strategy of doubly-fed wind turbines and traditional synchronous units jointly supporting the sending-end system frequency is proposed, so as to effectively improve the stability of system frequency. According to the frequency regulation reserve capacity of synchronous units and disturbance power, the sending-end system frequency regulation demand in different scenarios is analyzed, and the multi-time scale frequency regulation control strategy based on frequency active support of wind turbines considering the frequency regulation dead zone is proposed, and the coordination and cooperation between variable speed control and propeller distance angle control are realized through the reasonable design of the limiting link and switching logic. And based on the reserve capacity of traditional synchronous units, the frequency regulation dead zone value of doubly-fed wind turbines is designed, so that it can adaptively switch the inertia support and primary frequency regulation for different scenarios, and realize the optimal utilization of frequency regulation resources. The dynamic response process of doubly-fed wind turbine and synchronous machine participating in frequency regulation is analyzed, which further proves its superiority. Finally, the large-scale wind power via the UHVDC transmission system simulation model is built based on RTLAB real-time digital simulation platform, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. |
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The increasing penetration of renewable energy resources (RESs) leads to a continuous displacement of synchronous generators. Since the grid integration of RESs is usually achieved through inertialess power converters, the system inertia reduces and the power system frequency stability is compromised. Consequently, unexpected generator tripping, load shedding, and even blackouts may occur and pose a great threat to the system normal operation. In view of these challenges, this article explores the possibility of providing the inertia support from power-electronics interfaced smart loads. Specifically, a transformerless electric spring topology and the associated control strategy have been developed to provide a substantial inertia support from the noncritical load. As compared with existing inertia enhancement techniques, the proposed solution is cost-effective without the need of additional energy storage units. The smart load inertia provision capability is quantitatively analyzed and experimentally verified on a laboratory-scale test. In the testing results, 40% and 18% reductions of the rate of change of frequency and the maximum frequency deviation are, respectively, observed with a 12% smart load penetration ratio.
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The frequency nadir is a significant indicator for the primary frequency response monitoring and control. It is imperative to predict the maximum frequency deviation and the time at which the maximum occurs with high efficiency and accuracy following a major disturbance. To develop an analytical model for the frequency nadir prediction, the closed-loop is broken and a parabolic frequency deviation is input for decoupling the calculation of governor response and frequency deviation. Following which, the polynomial fitting is adopted to depict the primary frequency response characteristic of each governor. The iterative numerical solution for the frequency nadir prediction model is carried out based on the insight into the features of governor response. Case studies are presented to verify the performance of the analytical model over WSCC 9-bus system, New England 39-bus system and practical provincial power system, where the frequency nadir prediction model demonstrates its advantages of easy implementation, minimum computation, and high accuracy.
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高比例新能源电力系统的构建伴随着以常规同步机惯量/一次调频资源的降低，需要考虑构建多元资源提供惯量/一次调频的辅助服务市场。因此，提出了多元资源电能量和惯量/一次调频辅助服务两阶段联合出清机制，建立了包含储能、风电、光伏和频率支撑型负荷的联合出清优化模型。在考虑频率安全约束的预出清中得到系统所需各类辅助服务资源容量和启停情况，在正式出清模型中考虑简单的惯量和一次调频辅助服务容量需求约束，在计及频率安全的基础上市场定价更为简单透明。对改进IEEE 39节点系统的算例仿真结果表明所提两阶段市场出清机制是有效的。
The construction of a high proportion of new energy power systems is accompanied by a reduction in inertia/primary frequency regulation(PFR) resources with conventional synchronous machines. In order to address this, it is necessary to consider the construction of ancillary service market with multiple type resources to provide inertia and primary frequency regulation. In this paper, a two-stage joint clearing mechanism considering multiple type resources electrical energy and inertia/PFR ancillary service is proposed, and a joint clearing optimization model including energy storage, wind power, photovoltaic and frequency-supported loads is established. The capacity of all kinds of ancillary service resources required by the system and the start and stop of each resource are solved in the security constrained unit commitment(SCUC) pre-clearing model considering the frequency security constraints. In the formal clearing model, the simple inertia and the demand constraint of PFR ancillary service capacity are considered, and the market pricing is simpler and more transparent taking into account frequency security. The simulation results of the improved IEEE 39-node system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed two-stage market clearing mechanism. |
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利益冲突声明（Conflict of Interests）： 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
作者贡献声明（Authors' Contributions）： 邓建华进行了研究设计、理论分析、论文撰写和修订；刘继春、刘俊勇参与了论文审核。所有作者均阅读并同意了论文终稿内容。
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