Vigorously developing new energy sources is an important approach to achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. However, the randomness, volatility, and intermittency of new energy pose severe challenges to the supply-demand balance and stability of the electric power system. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop diversified flexible resources to guarantee the system's safe and stable operation. This study summarizes the electricity demand and the power structure development pathways in China under the carbon neutrality goal. Based on this, it analyzes the different flexibility demands of electric power systems with different proportions of wind and solar power generation capacities and elaborates on the characteristics of various types of flexible resources needed for power generation, transmission, load, and storage from four aspects: peak capacity (adequacy), ramping flexibility, stability, and inertia. Drawing from the international experience regarding flexible resource development, we propose the principles for flexible resource development: supply security guarantee, low-carbon development, and economic optimization. Considering the existing problems in the flexible resource development in China, we propose a flexible resource development pathway that aligns with the emission reduction goal of the power sector and the medium- to long-term development trend of the electric power structure of China. Furthermore, key initiatives to ensure the development of flexible resources are proposed from five aspects: power source, power grid, load, energy storage, and market mechanism.

高比例可再生资源发电渗透率的不断提高，使得储能在新型电力系统平抑不确定性和波动性过程中发挥着愈加重要的作用。为鼓励其更好地参与电网运行，在市场化配置储能资源时需要更加注意市场机制对于储能市场主体的适用性。考虑到现有机制无法充分反映储能的技术特性及参与不同类型市场时的运行成本，基于储能的灵活能量状态提出了储能参与电能量-调频辅助服务市场联合出清模型。为描述调频过程中的储能能量损耗问题，新模型引入了调频能量损耗系数对两类市场间的能量耦合关系进行进一步建模，最后通过算例仿真对比验证了该模型在体现储能运行特性方面的有效性。

With the increasing penetration rate of power generation from a high proportion of renewable resources, energy storage plays an increasingly important role in the process of stabilizing uncertainty and volatility in the new power system. In order to encourage them to better participate in the operation of the power grid, it is necessary to pay more attention to the applicability of the market mechanism to energy storage market entities when allocating energy storage resources in a market-oriented manner. Considering that the existing mechanism fails to precisely reflect the technical characteristics of energy storage and the operating costs when participating in different types of markets, this paper proposes a joint clearing model of electric energy and frequency modulation auxiliary service market based on that energy storage participates in the market in a flexible energy operating state. To describe the energy loss of energy storage in the process of frequency modulation, the new model introduces the frequency modulation energy loss coefficient to further model the energy coupling relationship between these two different markets. Finally, the effectiveness of the model in reflecting the operation characteristics of energy storage is verified by simulation comparison.

风电出力受风速影响，具有较强的随机性和波动性。随着电力市场改革的进行，竞价上网成为趋势，电价也将呈现出不确定性，电力系统调度需要充分考虑不确定性的影响。抽水蓄能电站具有削峰填谷、促进新能源消纳的作用。本文利用抽水蓄能电站调节风电出力，并采用信息间隙决策理论(IGDT)应对风电出力的不确定性，采用条件风险价值(CVaR)理论来度量电价波动对系统的影响，提出了基于IGDT-CVaR的风电-抽水蓄能联合调度模型，并根据决策者的风险偏好制定了风险规避策略和机会寻求策略。算例结果表明所提策略可以根据决策者的风险偏好制定相应的调度计划，验证了模型的有效性。

Wind power output is affected by wind speed, and has strong variability and intermittence. With the reform of power market, bidding for grid access has become a trend, and the price of electricity will also be uncertain. The influence of uncertainty needs to be fully considered in power system dispatching. Pumped hydro storage plays a role in cutting peak, filling valley and promoting new energy consumption in power system. In this paper, the pumped hydro storage is used to regulate the wind power output. The uncertainty of wind power output is dealt with information gap decision theory(IGDT). The impact of electricity price fluctuation on system is measured by conditional value at risk(CVaR) theory. A wind power and pumped hydro storage dispatching model based on IGDT-CVaR is proposed. According to the risk preference of decision-makers, risk evasion and opportunity seeking strategy are formulated. Finally, the results of case study show that the strategies can specify the corresponding scheduling plan according to the risk preference of decision-makers and verify the effectiveness of the model.

随着电力市场的不断发展完善,抽水蓄能电站参与电力现货市场将面临复杂的价格机制与交易风险,为了保障抽水蓄能电站收益,提出了考虑电力现货市场风险的抽水蓄能竞价策略优化模型。首先研究了电力市场下抽水蓄能价格机制及交易风险;其次基于条件风险价值量化参与电力现货市场的风险,建立风险-收益匹配机制,并基于电价预测聚类生成典型电价场景,提出了考虑风险因素的抽蓄电站参与现货-辅助服务协同市场的竞价策略;最后结合算例分析了不同风险偏好水平以及电价场景对抽水蓄能电站收益的影响。算例结果表明:该竞价策略能够在不同市场场景下平抑收益波动,有效规避市场价格波动风险,可为抽水蓄能电站参与电能量与辅助服务市场竞价及容量分配策略提供决策支撑,使电站收益更加稳定。

With the continuous development and improvement of Chinese electricity market, pumped storage power plants will face complex price mechanisms and transaction risks when participating in the electricity spot market. In order to protect the revenue of pumped storage power station, an optimization model of pumped storage bidding strategy considering the risks of the electricity spot market is proposed. Firstly, the price mechanism and transaction risk of pumped storage in electricity market are studied. Secondly, based on the conditional risk value, the risk of participating in the electricity spot market is quantified, and the risk-return matching mechanism is established. Based on electricity price prediction clustering to generate typical electricity price scenarios, a bidding strategy for pumped storage power stations to participate in spot-auxiliary service collaborative market considering risk factors is proposed. Finally, the influence of different risk preference levels and electricity price scenarios on the revenue of pumped storage power station is analyzed with examples. The results of the example show that the bidding strategy can stabilize the income fluctuation in different market scenarios and effectively avoid the risk of market price fluctuation. It can provide decision support for the pumped storage power station to participate in the bidding and capacity allocation strategy of the electric energy and auxiliary service market, and make the power station income more stable.

主动配电网中分布式电源优化配置时,风光机组出力与负荷时序波动特性使场景过多,这既会增加模型求解的难度,也会影响优化配置结果。为此,首先引入戴维森堡丁指数(Davies-Bouldin index,DBI)结合K-means算法对全小时场景进行聚类缩减。然后,建立考虑风光与负荷时序特性的主动配电网双层优化配置模型,上层以系统年综合经济成本最优为目标,决策变量为风光机组接入配电网的位置及容量;下层以系统各时段运行电压水平最优为目标,决策变量为配电网主动管理措施下的运行成本;综合考虑风光机组时序出力和负荷侧时序响应,实现主动配电网分布式电源优化规划。最后,采用改进的自适应遗传算法对模型进行求解。IEEE 33节点系统算例表明,所提方法及模型在确保场景选取的多样性和合理性的同时,兼顾了风光机组出力与负荷时序波动特性,提高了系统运行水平,降低了系统运行成本。

In the optimal configuration of distributed generation in active distribution network, the output and load timing fluctuation characteristics of wind power cause too many scenes, which will not only increase the difficulty of model solution, but also affect the optimal configuration results. For this reason, this paper first introduces Davies-Bouldin index (DBI) and K-means algorithm to cluster and reduce the full-hour scenes. Secondly, a two-level optimal allocation model of active distribution network considering the time series characteristics of wind power and load is established. The upper layer aims to optimize the annual comprehensive economic cost of the system, and the decision variables are the locations and capacities of wind power units connected to the distribution network; The lower level takes the optimal operation voltage level of the system in each period as the objective, and the decision variables are the operation costs under the active management measures of the distribution network; Considering the time sequence outputs of wind power and the time sequence response of load sides, the economic planning of distributed generation in active distribution network is realized. Finally, an improved adaptive genetic algorithm is used to solve the model. The IEEE 33-node system example shows that the proposed method and model not only ensures the diversity and rationality of scenario selection, but also takes into account the wind power output and load timing fluctuation characteristics, and improves the system operation level and reduce the system operation cost.

以风光水为代表的可再生能源电源会增加电力系统的不确定性.为了保证高比例可再生能源电力系统的灵活运行,提出一种典型运行场景电力系统灵活性评估方法.利用改进的K-means算法,将新能源和负荷的运行场景进行聚类组合得到典型运行场景.从区域内供需平衡、区域内潮流分布和区域间输电能力3个角度提出灵活性评估指标;计算每种典型场景的灵活性评估指标,并根据每种场景的出现概率计算得到综合评估指标以评估系统的整体灵活性.最后,基于南方某地区实际新能源和负荷历史数据在改进的IEEE 39节点系统上进行电力系统灵活性评估.结果表明,该聚类方法和灵活性指标可以有效反映电力系统的灵活性.