Robust Pricing and Optimal Scheduling for Electric Vehicle Aggregators Based on Stackelberg Game and VCG Mechanism

ZHANG Sufang; YANG Zhengyi; MA Kuncheng; REN Zhongrui; WANG Yi

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Robust Pricing and Optimal Scheduling for Electric Vehicle Aggregators Based on Stackelberg Game and VCG Mechanism

ZHANG Sufang¹, YANG Zhengyi², MA Kuncheng², REN Zhongrui¹, WANG Yi¹

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Abstract

[Objective] This paper aims to fully harness the regulation potential of electric vehicles (EVs) within multi-market environments. The study proposes an optimal scheduling model that balances the interests of multiple stakeholders to resolve the critical issues of information asymmetry and scheduling deviations between aggregators and users. [Methods] A three-layer "electricity market-aggregator-user" Stackelberg game model was established. In this framework, the aggregator acted as the leader to coordinate revenues from the energy market, frequency regulation market, and green electricity certificate transactions. To handle price uncertainties, a robust optimization approach was employed. Furthermore, an incentive-compatible mechanism based on the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) theory was designed to eliminate the motivation for users to misreport their private information. To enhance model accuracy, a non-linear battery degradation model was introduced, and the game equilibrium was solved using backward induction combined with professional linearization techniques. [Results] Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism reduces the system peak load by 17.4% and lowers the comprehensive costs for users by 16.27%. The analysis verifies that truthful reporting of private information is the dominant strategy for users under the VCG-based incentive mechanism. Notably, the aggregator can reduce physical execution deviations by over 80% by conceding less than 10% of its potential profits, indicating a high efficiency in risk mitigation. [Conclusions] The study concludes that the VCG mechanism effectively achieves risk isolation on the user side, ensuring fair participation. The coupling of multiple markets and the application of robust optimization significantly bolster the aggregator’s resilience against market volatility. Moreover, the findings clarify that a battery cost below 1000 CNY/kWh serves as the economic tipping point for the large-scale deployment of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications.

Key words

vehicle-grid coordination / electric vehicle aggregator / Stackelberg game / robust pricing / incentive compatibilit

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ZHANG Sufang, YANG Zhengyi, MA Kuncheng, REN Zhongrui, WANG Yi. Robust Pricing and Optimal Scheduling for Electric Vehicle Aggregators Based on Stackelberg Game and VCG Mechanism[J]. Electric Power Construction. 0

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