01 November 2016, Volume 37 Issue 11

    

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   Bidding Strategy for Generation Companies Participating in Generation-Right Trading Market Employing High-Low Matching Mechanism

  MENG Wenchuan, LIN Changyong, WEN Fushuan, WU Hongliang, SONG Yihang, ZHANG Xiang

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2016, 37(11): 1. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.001

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    Generation-right trade is an efficient approach for optimizing the power structure and promoting energy conservation and emission reduction, which is widely used in domestic power industry. The adopted bidding strategies of generation companies in the generation-right trading market could have significant impacts on their profits, which is an important issue for the generation companies. Under this background, this paper develops a risk-constrained optimal bidding strategy for generation companies based on the centrally bidding platform of generation-right trade market employing the high-low matching mechanism. Firstly, we construct the mathematical model to evaluate the costs and benefits for both sides participating in the generation-right trade. Then, we construct the optimization model of the risk-constrained optimal bidding strategy for generation companies participating in generating-right trading market based on the high-low matching mechanism, which can be solved by Monte Carlo simulation method. Finally, we adopt a numerical example to demonstrate the proposed optimal bidding strategy model and the presented method, and analyze the impacts of bidding behaviors of other power companies on the optimal bidding strategy of the studied power company.
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   Life-Cycle Economic Analysis of Home-Based Microgrid under Different Electricity Pricing Mechanisms

  HUANG Yuchun, MO Wenxiong, LU Guojun, WANG Hong, WEN Fushuan

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 9. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.002

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    With the continuous development of microgrid technology, home-based microgrid systems have gradually attracted increasing attention. Considering the limited demands of electric power and electric energy of an individual residential consumer, the economic analysis of a home-based microgrid within its life cycle is then an important issue to be examined. Given this background, this paper proposes the life-cycle economic analysis of a home-based microgrid system with respect to the tiered electricity pricing and time-of-use electricity pricing mechanisms respectively, with considering that the economy is closely related to the adopted electricity pricing mechanism. First, we analyze the investment and benefit of a home-based microgrid system under these two pricing mechanisms. On this basis, we construct the mathematical model for the economic analysis on home-based micro-grid, and employ an actual home-based microgrid system in Guangzhou to demonstrate the life-cycle economy. The calculation results show that the economic benefit of a home-based microgrid system is highly dependent on the investment cost, and under the fixed equipment capacity in home-based micro-grid, it is positively related to the demands of both electric power and electric energy as well as the enforced pricing mechanism.
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   Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation for Energy Efficiency of Industrial Consumers Employing Electric Parameters

  MENG Jinling, HU Jiahua, WEN Fushuan, LIN Guoying, DANG Sanlei

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 16. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.003

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   It is necessary to accurately evaluate the energy efficiency of an industrial consumer before implementing an energy-saving scheme. Several existing evaluation methods for energy efficiency have some problems such as limited selection of indices, limited access to data and strong subjectivity. Given this background, this paper presents a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for the energy efficiency of industrial consumers based on electric parameters. Specifically, the electric parameters are candidate evaluation index, which can be accurately measured and recorded by smart meters. Firstly, we adopt principal component analysis (PCA) to identify and remove secondary indicators, on this basis determine the comprehensive energy efficiency evaluation index system for industrial consumers. Then, we calculate the weights of all selected indices with using entropy weight method and evaluate the energy efficiency of industrial consumer with using fuzzy evaluation method, considering the exhibited fuzziness of evaluation results. Finally, the actual data from Guangdong province are served for demonstrating the feasibility and features of the proposed method.
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   Impact of Cell Voltage Inconsistency on Capacity Attenuation of Lithium Battery Energy Storage System

  GUO Guangchao, LI Xiangjun, ZHANG Liang, WANG Liye, JIA Xuecui, ZHANG Dong

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 23. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.004

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  Among the same specifications and the same type of battery, cell inconsistency refers to the difference of voltage, internal resistance, capacity, etc. Among them, the performance of voltage inconsistency is relatively intuitive, which is easy to be measured. In megawatt battery energy storage power station, the voltage level and capacity needs of the energy storage system are met by series-parallel groups. The number of batteries cell is up to tens of thousands. Due to the inconsistency of battery cell, the overall performance of the energy storage system will be affected. This paper carries out the capacity calibrated experiments for 200  kW/200 （kW·h） and 250  kW/1  （MW·h） lithium battery energy storage systems during different time periods. After long time running, this paper analyzes the influence of the voltage inconsistency of battery cell on the capacity attenuation of battery system. The results show that, the charging performance of 250  kW/1 （MW·h） lithium battery energy storage system is attenuated by 4.24% after 2 year running, the discharging performance is attenuated by 2.6%, and the voltage inconsistency of battery cell changes little, while the charging performance of 250 kW/1 (MW·h) lithium battery energy storage system is attenuated by 25.976%, the discharging performance is attenuated by 27.120%. The result shows that the lithium battery energy storage system with charging and discharging equalization control strategy can improve the voltage inconsistency change of battery cell. This energy storage system has run the equivalent of charging 27.11 times with 100% DoD (depth of diacharge), or discharging 23 times with 100% DoD. The number of charging and discharging is the main reason for the capacity attenuation of the energy storage system.
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   Availability of Distributed Wind Power-Battery Energy Storage System

  ZHANG Minji, LIANG Jia, SUN Yangzhou, LING Zhibin

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 29. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.005

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   Based on the design and operation of a real wind power-battery energy storage system, this paper analyzes the key factors that affect its availability. The results show that: the design of energy management system should consider the power compensation control to offset the internal power loss of the energy storage system; the response time of power conversion system (PCS) has the important influence on the system performance, so the power instruction cycle of control algorithm should be designed according to the response time of PCS; the structure and layout of the energy storage system have important influence on its environmental adaptability. The availability of wind power-battery energy storage system has important influence on its practical application. This paper proposes the corresponding solutions for the application of wind power-battery energy storage system, which can provide reference for the popularization and application of wind storage system.
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  Coordinated Control Strategy Considering Spatial Distribution of Storage Battery 

  LI Xiulei, GENG Guangfei

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 35. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.006

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   With the continuous complexity of distribution network, and the concepts of active distribution network, smart grid, there may be a number of energy storage systems in distribution network. However, the current researches on the operation of energy storage system are mainly focused on the optimization of time, and there are few of them involved in the optimization of the space. This paper presents a method for the control strategy of the two-stage energy storage system operation: in the first stage, it is the goal of the maximum benefit of the energy storage arbitrage and peak clipping, divides the time period of charging and discharging according to time-of-use price, all the energy storage systems are considered as a whole, and the total operation control strategy is formulated in the time period; the second stage is the second optimization of the space on the basis of the first stage, taking into account the network structure, the objective function is the maximum of the benefit of saving energy, the charging and discharging power of each energy storage system in each time period are distributed. Finally, a modified IEEE 33 node system is used as an example to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

   
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   A Model Predictive Control Algorithm Suitable to Improve Power Response Characteristic of T-Type Three-Level Converter for Energy Storage

  LIU Jianfeng,QIN Lulu

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 41. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.007

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   Model predictive control (MPC) has been widely used in battery energy storage system. During each switching cycle of conventional neutral point clamped(NPC) three-level energy storage converter, its output voltage jumping can not exceed the half of the DC bus voltage, which will seriously affect the power response characteristics of the converter MPC. Therefor, this paper proposes the MPC algorithm based on T-type three-level converter for energy storage. Under the premise of ensuring the active power, reactive power and neutral point potential deviation of the converter, we adopt traversing method to obtain the output voltage vector with the minimum switching frequency of the converter, which gives full play to the advantages of no output voltage jump limitation of T-type three-level topology converter. Finally, we use geometric analysis method to compare the power control characteristics between T-type topology and NPC topology converters for energy storage. The analysis results show that the proposed MPC algorithm can greatly improve the power control characteristics of T-type three-level converter for energy storage.
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   Platform Building for Wide-Area Spatiotemporal Sequences Analysis of Large-Scale Power Grid Based on Spark

  YUAN Baochao, LIU Daowei, LIU Liping, WANG Zezhong

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 48. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.008

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    To address the energy internet trends and increasingly complex operating environment, we need to enhance the mining depth and utilization capability of energy internet multi-source data relying on big data technology. First, in the view of the wide-area spatiotemporal sequences data of large power grid, this paper expounds the Sparks advantages in distributed computing and the goal of big data platform, designs the big data platform architecture of power grid based on Spark, and describes each level of the platform in detail. Secondly, this paper describes the Sparks advantage in processing the spatiotemporal sequences data. Finally, on the basis of Spark and Hadoop experiment environment, this paper carries out typical clustering algorithm to compare the performance between Spark and Hadoop. The results verifies that Spark has a great advantage in data processing comparing with Hadoop MapReduce, which lays the foundation for the next step research.
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   Evaluation of Medium-Voltage Distribution Network Reliability Based on“Performance-Element” Correlation Mining

  SU Yunche, LIU Junyong, LIU Youbo, CHENG Siqi, GAO Hongjun, DAI Songling

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 55. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.009

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   This paper proposes a fast and quantitative reliability evaluation method for medium-voltage distribution network by using data correlation analysis. First, we establish “performance-element” double-deck evaluation system based on distribution network reliability improving methods, which symbolizes the reliable performance and construction status of the system, respectively. Second, through virtual distribution network simulation system we calculate enormous indexes of different kinds of distribution network to provide data support. Last, we establish stepwise regression model to analyze the correlation among indexes, which transforms the multivariate nonlinear regression problem into the multi-step simple regression problem with considering distribution network failure mode, and finally obtains index correlation explicit expression.  The validity of the proposed model has been verified through the reliability evaluation on three test distribution network and one real distribution system. 
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   Assessment Method of Demand Response Peak Shaving Potential Based on Metered Load Data 

  REN Bingli, ZHANG Zhengao, WANG Xuejun, LI Hui, YAN Dawei, ZHANG Pei

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 64. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.010

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   Currently, grid planning study is typically based on the maximum annual peak load scenario. The demand response can achieve the reduction of annual peak load, which has impact on power grid planning. This paper proposes a new method of assessing peak load reduction due to demand response based on metered load data. Firstly, we use statistic analysis to determine the peak load time frame. Secondly, we carry out the dimension-reducing clustering analysis on single load based on K-means clustering method with five key indicators, daily load rate, peak-valley ratio, peak load rate, normal load rate and valley load rate, and then determine users typical daily load curve suitable for the assessment of demand response ability. On this basis, we quantitatively evaluate the peak load reduction potential with comprehensively considering load-reducing rate and peak-valley difference of demand response in different industry. Finally, according to the topology we calculate the total demand response potential and its impact on peak load by aggregating all of electricity users peak load reduction potentials. The proposed method can effectively quantify the demand response programs impact on peak load reduction, therefore it can consider the impact of demand response in the planning and formulate reasonable future investment scheme of power grid.
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   Solid State Transformer Configuration in Power Grid Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

  ZHANG Su, MIAO Hong, Zeng Chengbi

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 71. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.011

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   Solid state transformer is one of the key technologies of the energy internet, which plays an important role in the acceptance of renewable energy and flexible power conversion. This paper proposes that installing solid state transformers in the system can solve the problem that when large scale of distributed generators are connected into power grid, it may cause overloaded lines and low voltage buses. On this basis, this paper introduces the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm to determine the optimal location and size of solid state transformers. Finally, the simulation results in a 4 machines and 12 buses power system verify that solid state transformers can improve the stability and safety of power grid with high penetration of new energy, and it is effective to use particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve the configuration problem of solid state transformer.
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   DG-MG-DN Wide Area Multidimensional Operation Interactive Mode and Key Technologies Under Background of Supply-Side Reform

  ZENG Ming, HAN Xu, LI Yuanfei，LI Ran，Long Zhuhan，YU Hui, YANG Yongqi

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 78. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.012

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   Supply-side reform is the core content of Chinas current macro economy and the main direction of industries development strategies. Distributed generation (DG) and microgrid (MG) will become the important breakthroughs in the supply-side reform of the energy and power industry because of their unique physical and economic advantages. This paper first analyzes the contents, goals and main problems of operation interaction among DG, MG and distribution network (DN) under the background of supply-side reform. Secondly, this paper studies the operation interaction mode of DG-MG-DN under the background of large-scale grid-connected. On the basis of the existing mode that the used electricity is generated by ones own, and then, the surplus power accesses to the grid, this paper introduces a progressive sharing incentive mechanism based on system contribution value. Finally, this paper studies the key technologies of the operation interactions implementation among DG, MG and DN from aspects of energy transfer, information interaction and benefit sharing, and proposes some suggestions for future research.
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   Design of OpenADR Extension Based Load Dispatching Simulation Platform

  CAO Wangzhang, LI Bin, SUN Yi, QI Bing, ZHENG Aixia, SHEN Qiuying

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 86. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.013

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   Because of the technical differences of system developed by different developers and the lack of specifications, the existing demand response (DR) system cannot effectively inter-connect each other, which is not conducive to DR project promotion. This paper expands the information interface, business interaction process and event processing mechanism for load dispatching based on the standard framework of OpenADR 2.0. According to the architecture of SAC/TC549 and international standardization trend, this paper aanalyzes the role and function of each entity in dispatching program, as well as the simulation functional requirements. Then, this paper designs the simulation platform for load dispatching from aspects of data information model, interactive mechanism, dispatching strategies, user dynamic response characteristics, etc. Furthermore, this platform can provide hardware-in-loop interface, and realize the standard verification and service performance test for dynamic interaction with DR, which can provide data support for future standard setting and policy implementation.
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  Dispatching Optimization Decision-Making of Active Distribution Network Based on Ordinal Optimization Theory

  SHAO Chuanjun, CUI Xiaoqing, YU Guangyuan, WANG Zhilei

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 95. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.014

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    With the rapid development of renewable energy  generation, the technique of active distribution network is taken as an effective solution to efficiently accommodate renewable energy in recent years. The dispatching strategy of active distribution network affects the reliability and economy of distribution network deeply, which is the key technique to realize the value of active distribution network. So it is of great value to conduct the research on the dispatching optimization decision-making of active distribution network. Focusing on the active distribution network with distributed photovoltaic, wind power and energy storage devices integrated, this paper proposes a dispatching optimization decision-making model considering the characteristics of distributed generation and electricity price. Based on the ordinal optimization theory, the optimal dispatching strategy of active distribution network  for certain operation period can be achieved efficiently. Finally, a case study on a real distribution network is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed dispatching optimization decision-making method for active distribution network.

   
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   Power Stability Control Strategy of Hybrid-HVDC Transmission System Based on Triggering Angle Monitoring

  ZHANG Jun，YAO Weizheng，YANG Meijuan，WU Jinlong

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 101. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.015

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   Hybrid high voltage direct current (hybrid-HVDC) system composed of line commutated converter and modular multi-level converter (LCC-MMC) combines the merits of both converters, which will be used widely in the future. The stability of power transmission is very critical for hybrid-HVDC system. Firstly, this paper analyzes the operation principle of LCC-MMC hybrid-HVDC system and the conditions of power transmission. Then,  the principle and feasibility of triggering angle used as hybrid-HVDC system normal operation criteria are analyzed, and on this basis the coordinated control objective and strategy are proposed for hybrid-HVDC system. Finally, this paper constructs LCC-MMC hybrid-HVDC transmission system and coordinated control simulation model in PSCAD/EMTDC, simulates and verifies the coordinated control strategy. The results show that the triggering angle of LCC-MMC hybrid-HVDC transmission system is sensitive to operation parameters change. The control parameters of both LCC and MMC can be adjusted quickly and accurately by coordinated control system designed on triggering angle analysis. In addition, the system can be restored to steady operation rapidly.
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   Power System Optimal Scheduling including Distributed Wind Power and Energy Storage System via Virtual Power Plant

  WANG Tianwang, GAO Yun, JIANG Meng,DU Tao

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 108. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.016

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    Penetration of renewable energy has been increasing in the power system for its environmental benefits. With the prosperity of smart grid technologies, more integration of renewable distributed generation is expected. Wind power is one of the renewable energy resources which have the most potential in both commercial and technical fields. This paper proposes a virtual power plant composed of distributed wind turbines and energy storage system to participate in the operation of power system, and establishes the optimal scheduling model for the power system with the virtual power plant. The proposed model takes the optimal scheduling of power and reserve capacity into account at the same time, and adopts conditional value at risk (CVaR) for the risk management of the total system operation cost. Without the network modification, the virtual power plant is more applicable to the scheduling and management of distributed renewable energy resources that are dispersedly located. More economic benefits can be obtained through the distributed renewable energy scheduling based on the virtual power plant compared to the conventional co-operation of wind power and energy storage. Furthermore, the risk of system operation can be reduced at the same time. 
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   Prediction Model of Steam Turbine Exhaust Enthalpy Based on Grey Correlation Analysis Method and GSA-LSSVM

  WANG Huijie，FAN Zhiyuan，XU Xiaogang，LI Xinxin

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 115. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.017

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    The steam exhaust enthalpy is an essential parameter for the thermal economic diagnosis of steam turbine generator group. We determine the input variables of the model by steam turbine power equation and grey correlation analysis (GCA) method, and optimize the punishment factor μ and nuclear radial range σ of least square support vector machine (LSSVM) by gravitation search algorithm (GSA). The RBF_kernel is selected as the kernel function of LSSVM through the comparative analysis. Based on the GCA-GSA-LSSVM, this paper establishes the mathematical model to predict the exhaust enthalpy of steam turbine, compares it with the BP neural network and RBF neural network, and analyzes its robustness. The results show that the prediction model of steam turbine exhaust enthalpy based on GCA-GSA-LSSVM has the advantages of high precision, strong generalization ability and strong robustness. This method provides a powerful tool for accurately predicting the energy saving potential of the unit.
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   Impinging Stream Simulation for Improving Coalescence Efficiency of Submicron Particles in Coal Combustion Process 

  WANG Kui, LIU Xueqing, LU Luyi

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 123. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.018

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   The application of particle coalescence can effectively reduce the emission of submicron particles from coal-fired power plants. During the process of submicron particles coalescence, increasing the residence time of the particles can significantly improve the efficiency of submicron particles coalescence. This paper presents a kind of improved impinging stream applied in the coalescence reactor, and improves the flow pattern of traditional impinging stream in order to increase the residence time of submicron particles. The numerical simulation results of gas-solid two-phase flow show that compared with the traditional impinging stream, in the coalescence reactor, the residence time and the activity scope of the submicron particles in the flow field has been greatly increased by the improved impinging stream, which can finally dramatically increase the efficiency of submicron particles coalescence.
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   Nonlinear Robust Coordinated Control of Generator Excitation and SSSC for Multi-Machine Power Systems

  LIU Qing, ZHANG Lina，CHEN Shichao

  Electric Power Construction. 2016, 37(11): 129. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2016.11.019

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   This paper discusses the coordinated control problem of generator excitation and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) in multi-machine power systems and designs the nonlinear coordinated controller based on generalized Hamiltonian theory. SSSC adopts a third order model with considering internal dynamics and the interaction between SSSC and each generator is represented as additional electromagnetic power. The multi-machine power systems with generator excitation and SSSC is represented as a form of generalized dissipation Hamilton system. The coordinated control strategy of generator excitation and SSSC is designed by boundary-function method and L2 disturbance attenuation method. The simulation results in two-area four-generator systems show that the proposed nonlinear coordinated controller can effectively improve the system transient stability and voltage regulation performance compared with the traditional decentralized controller.