01 February 2017, Volume 38 Issue 2

    

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  Technology and Practice of Promoting Renewable Energy Power Accommodation

  PAN Ersheng，WANG Xinlei，XU Tong，TIAN Xueqin，MA Shiyi，YAN Jing

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 1. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.001

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  While China has the largest power generation installed capacity and the largest generating capacity of renewable energy, the issue of renewable energy power accommodation is becoming more and more serious, whose solution will be a major task during “13th Five-Year” period. Therefore, starting from the whole power system, this paper introduces the renewable energy power accommodation technologies for grid side, generation side and consumer side respectively, and summarizes the technical features and practical experience at home and abroad, which can provide reference for the improvement of renewable energy accommodation pattern during “13th Five-Year” period in China. On the power grid side, UHV transmission technology, flexible DC transmission technology and smart grid technology will provide a strong link for Chinas renewable energy power accommodation in a wider range, to achieve a more flexible and close connection between the generation side and the user side. On the generation side, the flexible adjustment technology of conventional unit, the precise prediction of renewable energy and active control technology, large scale energy storage technology will promote the depth transition of various types of power supply operation modes in China and the construction of service system for renewable energy. On the user side, renewable power supply, demand side response and virtual power plants and other technologies will provide solutions for terminal users on active, flexible regulation of their own load and more use of renewable energy. Relying on UHV transmission technology, integrated into the big market, to achieve the optimal allocation of renewable energy in the largest range, will be an important choice for Chinas national conditions.
  
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  Blockchain in Energy Systems:Concept, Application and Prospect

  YAN Yong，ZHAO Junhua，WEN Fushuan，CHEN Xingying

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 12. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.002

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  As a representative technology of the Third Industrial Revolution, the Internet has changed the way of life and economic development in modern society. The blockchain technology, which is characterized by decentralization and trust mechanism, is an important part of the new generation of Internet technology. The blockchain may promote the transformation of the existing computing paradigm, and have far-reaching impacts in finance, energy and many other areas. This paper first gives an overview of the blockchain, discusses its definition and technical framework, and expounds its characteristics and significance. After that, the applications of the blockchain in some fields are introduced. At last, the research status of blockchain in energy systems is summarized, and potential research problems in energy blockchain are prospected.
  
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  Key Issues and Prospects of Automated Demand Response Under Energy Internet Background

  ZENG Ming, HAN Xu, SUN Jinghui，DONG Lijun，HUANG Wen

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 21. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.003

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  Raising the utilization ratio of renewable energy and improving comprehensive utilization efficiency of energy are main goals in future energy system. With energy structural transformation deepening in all countries, resource allocation capability of traditional energy network becomes gradually insufficient to meet future energy systems development needs. Based on this, Energy Internet is proposed to realize ‘complementary multi-source in transverse and network-load-storage coordination in vertical. On background of Energy Internet, highly diversified energy and automation network structure makes traditional demand response （DR） gradually turn to the development direction of automated demand response （ADR）. Firstly, this paper introduces ADR basic concept and its coordination role in future Energy Internet. Secondly, this paper analyzes the key issues of ADR in future Energy Internet from four aspects of planning, operation, control and evaluation. Finally, based on existing research results and problems, this paper proposes the suggestions for the development of ADR.
  
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  Multi-Agents Simulation Technology and Its Application in Active Distribution Network#br#

  LIAO Qiuping, LYU Lin, LIU Youbo, CHEN Bin, ZHANG Yi

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 28. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.004

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   With the increase of the number and type of distributed and active components rise in active distribution network （AND）, the complex management and control of network structure has become increasingly difficult. The multi-agent technology is a new means to increase the coordination of multi-types active components in ADN. This paper introduces the research status and achievements at home and abroad of market simulation based on multi-agents in AND, including distributed energy control, the coordinated control of active components, fault fast recovery and regional autonomy. Then this paper analyzes the application of multi-agents technology in the ADN, includes management structure, communication mechanism, and agent model adapted to ADN development. Finally, from the development trend of the initiative of ADN planning, multi-energy flow system, market mechanism and the active management ability of load, this paper discusses how to better use multi-agents technology to improve the power supply reliability and economy of distribution network in the future.
  
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  Integrated Resource Optimizing Planning and Allocation Method of Intelligent Distribution Network for Differentiated Demands of Users#br#

  OUYANG Shaojie, ZENG Bo, QIU Zejing, SHI Hui, LI Yuanfei

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 38. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.005

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    Considering the operation reliability and power demand response in the planning of active distribution network can stabilize the impact of distribution generation （DG） penetrating on power grid effectively. This paper introduces the demand response cost and the reliability constraint of power grid operation based on the traditional model of active distribution  第38卷第2期2017年2月电力建设Electric Power ConstructionVol.38,No.2Feb.,2017network, and builds a comprehensive resource planning model for intelligent distribution network, which is oriented to the  different needs of users. The evolutionary algorithm was adopted to solve the model, and the planning scheme of active distribution network was obtained with considering the reliability of power grid operation and demand response. Based on the case study of IEEE 33-node system, the results show that the proposed planning can effectively reduce the total cost during the planning period, and provide  the decision basis and method reference for the active distribution network planning.
  
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  Optimization Planning of Future Distribution Network Orienting to Energy Internet#br#

  ZHANG Xuesong，ZHOU Xuan，LI Zhuo，ZHOU Jinhui，XU Chen，CHEN Chong，LI Zhengtian，LIN Xiangning

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 45. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.006

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  Energy internet is the trend of the future global energy industry, which will have a profound influence on the development of power system. This paper analyses the special requirement of future distribution network in the energy internet scenario， puts forward that the future distribution network will undertake the task of multi-energy conversion and utilization,and presents the basic framework of the future distribution network and its energy flow analysis. On this basis,  the optimal planning model of distribution network was constructed with considering multi-energy conversion, storage device cost composition and operating constraints， the multi-energy interface equipments and integrated energy storage equipments were optimized and designed under the premise of meeting multi energy load demand. Then, the particle swarm algorithm （PSO） was used to solve the model, and the simulation examples verified the effectiveness of the proposed model, which can provide necessary reference for the development and planning of the future distribution network.
  
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  Big Energy Data Information Service Pricing and Its Application in Electricity Market

  LIU Dunnan, TANG Tianqi, ZHAO Jiawei, YE Bin, MA Jing, WANG Bao, YANG Min

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 52. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.007

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  With the development of energy technologies and the complication of energy network, big energy data becomes a trend. Under the condition of market economy, the formation of the energy market makes the data information become a very important commodity. In view of this, this paper is closely linked to the energy Internet and information services, studies big energy data information service pricing, introduces the process of big energy data service pricing, and proposes the product content and application mode of information service, as well as its application in electricity market. The results can provide the beneficial reference for planning and building the information service application system in energy Internet, and realizing the data flow value creation.
  
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  Planning Model and Algorithm of Microgrid Considering Energy Storage Characteristics of Electric Vehicles#br#

  LI Botong，TANG Kai

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 60. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.008

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  To study the influence of electric vehicle on the energy unit planning of microgrid, this paper establishes the electric vehicle-microgrid coordinated planning model, and uses particle swarm optimization-simulated annealing （PSO-SA） mixed algorithm to solve the model, which can obtain the energy unit planning results of microgrid with the optimal goal of economy-environment total cost. The analysis shows that electric vehicle, as a mobile storage device, is able to take the place of stable storage device in some extent. Considering the energy storage characteristics of electric vehicles in the planning of microgrid can help cutting down the cost of system. Meanwhile, the result shows that the algorithm used in this paper has better performance in solving this kind of planning problem over than other similar ones.
  
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  Dynamic Partition Mechanism of Active Distribution Network Self-Control Area Based on IEC 61850 #br#

  ZHANG Yijing, LIU Dong, LI Qingsheng,BIAN Sudong

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 66. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.009

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  With the hierarchical and distributed control mode of active distribution network, each time the self-control area changes, the area coordinate controller need to reset its equipment information. Under the hierarchical and distributed control mode, the typical active distribution network requires human work in updating the topology information; hence most DMS （database management system） applys the static partition mode. In order to put the dynamic partitioning algorithm of active distribution network into operation, the automation partition problem of self-control area is required, that is the dynamic partition. In this paper, the active distribution network topology model is constructed based on the IEC 61850 standard, together with the static area controllers equipment self-description model. In addition, the distribution network topology updating mechanism is built based on WCF （windows communication foundation） platform according to the proposed models, which can realize the automatic partition of self-control area under the hierarchical and distributed control mode.   
  
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  Accelerating IPv6 Address Space Search Method for Substation Network

  MIAO Xin, YANG Caiming, LI Yong, ZHU Ma，JIN Naizheng

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 72. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.010

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  To solve the problem of fast search of IPv6 address space in the network of smart grid substation, this paper uses the optimization idea of the golden ratio to propose a method to accelerate the IPv6 address space search in the substation netwerk. The search algorithm uses the golden ratio point to segment the two segments of the address, and the checkout process ensures the decimal golden ratio of binary address points. Search algorithm and checkout process as a subroutine, repeatedly calls iteration, and converges to the specific address of a power terminal. Finally, this paper carries out the simulation verification. The results show that, compared with the midpoint method, this method has less time to address search, and can accelerate the IPv6 address space search and shorten the delay of the data, which can guarantee the excellent performance of the substation network communication, and improve the automation level of the maintenance and operation of the smart grid.
  
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  Distribution Network Reliability Assessment Considering V2G#br#

  HUANG Junhui, ZHOU Hao,HAN Jun, LI Hu, GUI Sanrong,WANG Zhe, ZHU Linwei，LIU Hong

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 77. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.011

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  As a kind of new load and mobile energy storage, electric vehicles （EVs） are integrated into the distribution system in a large scale, which has a great impact on the reliability of distribution network. On the basis of traditional reliability assessment of distribution network, this paper proposes a method of reliability assessment for distribution network considering vehicle-to-grid（V2G）. Firstly, through the analysis on the travel behavior of EVs, we constructed the temporal and spatial distribution model of EV charging and discharging. Secondly, we adopted the Monte-Carlo method to simulate the distribution network fault, and obtained the discharging capacity and loss load of EVs under distribution network fault with fully considering travel demand of EVs. Then, a heuristic load curtailment model in islanded mode was established  to obtain the fault effect results of distribution network. Finally,  the reliability and practicability of the proposed method were validated  through modified IEEE-RBTS Bus-6 test system, and the impacts of EVs penetration, charging mode and battery capacity were studied on the reliability of distribution network，respectively.
  
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  PV Power Supply Modeling of DC Power Distribution Network and Comparison with VSC Model

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 84. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.012

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  In view of the construction of DC power distribution network, considering the electrical characteristics of the actual converter, this paper proposes a new modeling method of DC power supply. This method avoids the fine modeling of power electronic components in DC power distribution network, simulates the electrical characteristics of DC power distribution system to the maximum extent, greatly reduces the workload of computer simulation system, and is convenient to study and analyze the larger DC distribution network. Taking the power demand as the starting point, by adjusting the system parameters, the DC voltage output is controlled according to the droop characteristic of P-U. In order to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the new modeling method, this paper simulates the voltage sourced converter （VSC） model under same conditions and compares the resulting of the two models, finally validates that the model can be used for the analysis and research of DC power distribution network.
  
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  Conventional HVDC Power Regulating Method to Improve New Energy Integration Capability （Ⅱ）: Theoretical Analysis and Simulation Testification#br#

  SUN Yujiao, ZHOU Qinyong, XIA Yi, SONG Wenqin, ZHANG Zhongdan

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 91. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.013

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  This paper proposes a conventional HVDC power regulating method to improve new energy integration capability, whose basic idea is that in the planning period the DC power and the generation schedule of the two power grids that the HVDC is connected to are coordinately planned and in real time operation period the emergency rotating reserve units are used to deal with the large random fluctuation of new energy power, the large forecast errors of power and other accidents, and the real time regulation of the two power grids is adopted to deal with the regular fluctuation of new energy power, which finally can realize the optimization usage of the two power grids resources, and the improvement of new energy integration capability and the security and economy of power system operation. This paper provides the theoretical analysis and simulation to testify the effectiveness of the proposed method, including analyzing the effects of the proposed method on improving new energy integration capability and the economy and security of system, discussing the adaptability of the receiving-end power grid, the technical feasibility of DC powers frequently regulating and the possibility of coordinately making the two power grids generation schedule etc, when using the proposed method, which testifies the advantages and the feasibility of the proposed method from multiple aspects and perspectives. Finally, this paper applies the proposed method in an actual HVDC project with actual large power systems for the whole-time dynamic simulation, and observes its application results, which can prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
  
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  Protection Scheme Design for Interconnecting Device Under Arm Flashover Fault#br#

  YIN Changxin, LI Yun, CHEN Ping, HUANG Renle, CHANG Qiankun，ZHOU Yang

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 91. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.014

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  With the development of the city power grid, the problems of the limited power supply capacity of electromagnetic loop network and short-circuit overweight are more and more prominent, interconnecting device is an important method to solve electromagnetic loop problems in the future. This paper proposes the design scheme of a single-transformer interconnecting device. During system failure, the fault characteristics of single-transformer interconnecting flexible HVDC system are extremely different from those of double-transformers flexible HVDC system. When the arm flashover occurs, the AC system can form a fault path through the diode in submodule after converter is blocked, which will cause DC offset of AC current and AC circuit breaker cannot be able to disconnect. Therefore, according to the topology of single-transformer in interconnecting device, this paper analyzes the fault characteristics of arm flashover fault, and proposes the protection strategy based on closing sub-module bypass switch, which can realize the rapid attenuation of the DC component in AC current and ensure the reliable operation of AC circuit breakers. Through the simulation test of single-transformer interconnecting device in PSCAD/EMTDC, it verifies the correctness of the fault analysis and protection strategy design in this paper.
  
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  Multi-Objective Optimization Scheduling of Unbalanced Low-Voltage Microgrid with Three-Phase Imbalance#br#

  ZHU Jian，LOU Hui，DENG Wujun, WANG Hongchun, WU Zhiyun

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 106. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.015

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  This paper proposes a comprehensive optimization scheduling strategy for unbalanced microgrid with three-phase imbalance including multiple distributed generations. Firstly, we determine the evaluation indices for the security, economy and efficient operation of three-phase unbalanced microgrid; establish the multi-objective optimization scheduling model; and obtain the running strategy of microgrid through solving the model. Secondly, we analyze each objective function from different operation angles, which can make full use of the effectiveness of the multi-objective approach. The example simulation verifies the effectiveness of the proposed optimization scheduling strategy in giving full play to all kinds of distributed generations.
  
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  Short-Term Load Forecasting Based on Variable Selection and Gaussian Process Regression#br#

  LIANG Zhi，SUN Guoqiang，WEI Zhinong，ZANG Haixiang

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 122. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.017

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  Improving the short-term load forecasting accuracy is one of the technical measures to ensure the safe and stable operation of the power grid. This paper establishes the short-term load forecasting model based on Gaussian process regression （GPR） by selecting the optimal set of input variables influencing the load consumption. The selection of input variables in load forecasting modeling has great influence on the forecasting accuracy. Firstly, we adopt random forest （RF） algorithm to obtain each input variable importance measure （VIM） and rank the input variables according to the influence degree. Based on the forward search strategy, the optimal input variable set can be determined, which can avoid the shortage of artificial experience. The conjugate gradient （CG） method is easy to fall into local optimal solution when solving the hyperparameters of Gaussian process regression （GPR） model, and the optimal performance depends on the selection of initial value, also the iteration number is difficult to be determined. In view of these problems, we use the improved particle swarm optimization （PSO） algorithm to search the model hyperparameters, and develop the load forecasting model based on optimal GPR. Finally, the effectiveness of proposed model is illustrated through testing simulation.
  
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  Security Constrained Unit Commitment Problem Considering Wind Power Uncertainty and Flexible Load#br#

  LI Yupeng，FENG Nan，CUI Yong，YANG Zenghui，WANG Han，XU Xiaoyuan，YAN Zheng

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 129. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.018

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  In view of the uncertainty of wind power output, based on quasi-Monte Carlo （QMC） simulation method, this paper uses the scenario analysis method to generate initial scenario of wind power output, and selects the extreme scenario including larger wind power prediction error to achieve the reduction of scenario. With different wind power output scenarios, taking into account the bilateral coordination of generation side and demand side with flexible load, this paper proposes the security constrained unit commitment model with flexible load, which can schedule three types of flexible load including curtailable load, shiftable load and transferable load. Through the simulation of different scenarios of 10 units, the influence of the demand side flexible load dispatch on the economic cost, the load peak valley difference and the exhaust air volume are analyzed and compared. Considering the uncertainty of wind power, the demand side of the flexible load scheduling plays an important role in improving the economy of the system and alleviating the peak load, and is beneficial to increase the consumption of wind power and reduce the abandoned wind power.
  
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  Economic Probability Analysis of Urban Distributed Energy Supply System

  XU Ke, LIU Hong, TIAN Zhe, WANG Bo, NIU Jide

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(2): 138. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000－7229.2017.02.019

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  In view of the coordinated supply problem of regional multi-energy complementary systems, this paper compares and analyzes different energy supply schemes. Firstly, we propose two distributed energy supply schemes: the gas turbine combined cooling heating and power （CCHP） system and environment-source heat-pump system, develop the corresponding operation strategy, and analyze the safety and environmental protection of the different energy supply schemes. Secondly, we establish a probabilistic life cycle cost （LCC） model, and present the economic calculation method of three energy supply schemes of gas turbine CCHP system, environment-source heat-pump system and traditional energy supply system. Finally, taking the commercial area of a city in the north as an example, we compare the economic efficiency of the three energy supply schemes, and obtain the the impacts of natural gas price and electricity price on the system economy through the sensitivity analysis. The result show that with the change of natural gas price and electricity price, the best economic scheme has changed, so the actual project should be combined with the specific content of the planning area and local energy prices, and the reasonable choice of energy supply system.