01 June 2019, Volume 40 Issue 6

    

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  Review and Prospect of Ubiquitous Power Internet of Things in Smart Distribution System

  ZHANG Yajian， YANG Ting， MENG Guangyu

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.001

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  The ubiquitous power internet of things （IoT）， as an important part of the strong smart grid and energy internet construction， is of great significance for ensuring the flexible safe operation， realizing the friendly heterogeneous energy access and serving the refined energy consumption for users. In addition， for the power distribution system which is the key intermediate between the production and marketing， the application of IoT technologies will improve the corresponding capacities of deep perception and fine control， promote the power distribution system from the traditional "source to load" one-way energy supply mode to the "source to and from load" two-way operation mode， and give the novel roles such as energy data and new service provider. In order to provide a reference for the transformation and upgrading of the power distribution systems， this paper summarizes the basic concepts， architecture， typical functions， key technologies and application scenarios for the ubiquitous power internet of things and discusses the corresponding future development and challenges.
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  Research on Peer-to-Peer Energy Transaction at User-side for Microgrid Based on BaaS Platform

  LIU Bo， WANG Dan， SU Pengfei， MA Xiran， YANG Qi， DU Wei， ZHANG Zhenyuan

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 13-22. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.002

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  With the reform of electricity market， micro-grid or users with distributed generation are allowed to participate in electricity market transactions as the main power sellers. However， under the existing conditions， energy transaction is faced with the problem of lack of trust and centralization. Blockchain technology， as a new distributed encryption method， is of great significance to realize fair， point-to-point， real-time and untrusted energy trading among users. Firstly， this paper introduces the existing blockchain energy trading project， and analyzes and the Baas platform available to developers. Then the P2P energy transaction network and transaction algorithm using blockchain technology are designed， and the application process of the blockchain Baas platform is analyzed. Finally， the operation examples of three distributed PV users in a park are used to illustrate the decentralization， transparency and hard to falsify of the microgrid energy transaction under the blockchain technology， and to promote the safe and efficient operation of the microgrid and the effectiveness of the greatest social benefits.
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  Energy Consumption Characteristic Evaluation Model and Energy Supply Partition Method of Integrated Energy Park Based on Geographical Partition

  CHEN Feifan， GAO Yajing， LIANG Haifeng， DUAN Jie

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 23-32. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.003

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  With the rapid development and wide application of energy internet technology， distributed generation technology and new energy trading mode， integrated energy services are developing rapidly in the world. Integrated energy park （IEP）， as the main battlefield of integrated energy services， has attracted more and more attention. This paper puts forward the evaluation model of energy consumption characteristics and the method of energy supply partition of integrated energy parks based on geographical partition. Firstly， on the basis of geographical partition， the energy consumption information of electric， thermal and cooling loads is analyzed， and the commonality and individuality indexes of electric， thermal and cooling loads are selected. Secondly， the index values of each plot in the park are quantified reasonably. Thirdly， the weights of each index are calculated by the analytic hierarchy process combined with the entropy weight method， and the commonality score and individuality score of the energy consumption characteristics of electric， thermal and cooling loads in each plot of IEP can be obtained by weighted overlaying the quantized values of each index and their corresponding weights. Finally， aiming at the most uniform distribution of integrated load in each area， the final partition result of IEP are obtained through the steps of electric， thermal and cooling load integration， primary core plot selection， preliminary partition and determination of final core plot and partition. Taking an integrated energy park as an example， the results show that the evaluation model and partition method proposed in this paper are effective and practical.
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  Parameter Identification and Efficiency Identification of Integrated Energy System Based on Network Model

  FAN Shanshan， WANG Bin， XUE Yixun，ZHAO Haotian， GUO Qinglai， SUN Yong

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 33-40. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.004

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  With the rapid development of the Energy Internet， the accuracy of integrated energy system modeling is crucial to the economic and efficient operation of the system. On the basis of existing equipment model， considering the relationship between equipment topology and energy cascade utilization， this paper establishes a multi-energy network model for integrated energy systems. Then the robust estimation model of the exponential objective function is established， and the actual parameters of the equipment are used to accurately identify the equipment parameters. The advantages of the robust method proposed in this paper over the traditional least squares estimation method are compared and analyzed. Furthermore， the energy efficiency evaluation model of integrated energy system based on network model is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed method and the accuracy of the robust parameters are proved by comparing the theoretical efficiency calculated by the equipment model obtained by the robust identification with the actual measured efficiency under various typical conditions.
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  Research on Business Model and Optimization Planning Method of Energy Storage Station

  XIU Xiaoqing， LI Jianlin， LI Wenqi，GUO Wei

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 41-48. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.005

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  Under the background of a new round of energy revolution and power system reform， every link of power source， network and load puts forward diversified application requirements on energy storage technology. Realizing the initial stage of commercialization and large-scale development is the two-stage development goal of the energy storage industry during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. From the perspectives of investment， income， and operation， this paper analyzes the typical business model of energy storage in the early stage of market application. Combined with energy storage application business model， the mathematical model of life cycle optimization planning of energy storage under the owner's investment model and contract energy management mode are established. Considering the capacity attenuation characteristics of electrochemical energy storage， its life cycle assessment method and optimization algorithm are analyzed. The validity and feasibility of the proposed model and method are verified by case analyses. Finally， the influence of the decommissioning point of energy storage battery， battery cost and cycle life on planning results of energy storage system are discussed.
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  Voltage Regulation Using Compressed-Air Energy Storage System in DC Distribution Network

  SONG Jie， HOU Jibiao

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 49-56. https://doi.org/DOI： 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.006

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   In DC distribution network， the penetration and economic efficiency of new energy sources can be improved by the compressed air energy storage （CAES）. However， the power adjustment speed of CAES is slow and the inertial support from the capacitors is too small to resist the sudden change of the voltage caused by intermittent power sources， which possibly results in low quality of DC voltage. An adaptive droop control strategy combining droop control of the CAES converter with virtual inertia control is proposed in this paper. Kinetic energy of the air compressor and expander is utilized to improve the voltage quality of DC distribution network， which can make up for the low voltage regulation speed of CAES. In the proposed control strategy， the droop coefficient is calculated according to the voltage variation and the droop curve can adaptively swing within the allowable range to provide inertial support for DC distribution network by electromagnetic power change of the CAES converter. Sudden power change of DC distribution network is buffered by kinetic energy of the motor in CAES. In addition， limits of the droop coefficient vary according to the operating state so as to make the most of the converter's capability in supplying virtual inertia. Finally， an experimental hardware-in-the-loop simulation （HILS） platform of a DC distribution network with CAES is constructed. The experimental results reveal that the proposed control strategy can effectively promote system's dynamic voltage regulation capability and improve the DC voltage quality.
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  Capacity and Power Planning Method Based on Distributed Computing for Energy Storage Assisted Frequency Modulation in Thermal Power Plants

  WU Jincheng， DONG Shufeng， ZHANG Shupeng，HAN Rongjie， SHOU Ting，LI Jianbin

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 57-64. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.007

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  With the interconnection of a large number of new energy sources， the  impact caused by the shortcomings of long response time and low climbing speed of thermal power units in the frequency regulation control of traditional power systems are becoming more and more obvious. The increasing development of energy storage system can be used to alleviate the pressure of frequency modulation. A large number of studies have proved that energy storage system can be applied to auxiliary frequency modulation of thermal power units in power plants. In this paper， a capacity and power planning method for auxiliary frequency modulation energy storage system of thermal power plant on the basis of distributed computing technology is proposed. Firstly， the profit model of power plant is established on the basis of the two rules of power grid. Secondly， the cost model of energy storage system is established on the basis of the life cycle theory. Finally， the optimal capacity and power allocation of energy storage system is obtained by using the particle swarm optimization algorithm based on distributed computing technology and taking the maximum comprehensive profit of power plant as the objective function. An example is given to illustrate the effect of auxiliary frequency modulation of energy storage system and the necessity of application of distributed computing technology.
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  An Evaluation Method of Inherent Operating Flexibility of Thermal Power Plant Fleet Considering Discrete Output Characteristics

  LIU Jiaomin，GUO Tong，XU Shanshan，LI Yonggang，GAO Yajing

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 65-73. https://doi.org/DOI： 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.008

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  Considering that traditional thermal power units are still the main flexible resources in the future， this paper proposes a quantitative evaluation method that fully reflects the inherent operational flexibility of the existing thermal power fleet. The inherent operational flexibility defined here is the ability to balance load fluctuations by ramping or changing commitment of the fleet， only being related to the technical parameters and load fluctuation range， regardless of the operating mode of the system. Firstly， the paper analyzes the discrete combination characters of the thermal power fleet and obtains regulating parameters of the fleet on the basis of flexible parameters of single unit. Secondly， using the discrete output characteristics of the fleet， the evaluation model reflecting different time scales of the fleet's inherent operational flexibility is proposed. In addition， the model is solved by using the minimum start-stop time classification and aggregation method. The calculation method consists of about four stages namely "aggregation-segmentation-crossover-evaluation". Finally， the validity and correctness of the model are verified by numerical examples， and the sensitivity analysis of the proposed evaluation method is carried out. The results show that the inherent operational flexibility of the thermal power unit is closely related to its discrete output characteristics and the load range. 
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  Collaborative Pricing Strategy of Virtual Power Plant and Distribution Network Considering Typical Scenes

  ZHU Yu， YI Zhongkai， LU Qiuyu， YANG Yinguo， LI Bo， XU Yinliang

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 74-85. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.009

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  Virtual power plant （VPP） technology can effectively improve the flexibility of distribution network and promote the penetration of renewable energy sources. To represent the uncertainties of multiple resources in distribution system under the power market environment， typical scenes including multiple random factors are proposed， such as electricity prices， loads and renewable energy generations， which are obtained by using Latin hypercube sampling and multi-scale spectral clustering algorithm. According to the typical scenario set， considering the constraints of network structure， power flow security and unit output of distribution network and VPP， optimization models for maximizing the respective benefits of VPP and distribution network are established， and a cooperative pricing strategy based on alternating optimization of VPP and distribution network is proposed. Simulation analyses indicate that the proposed strategy can formulate the transaction price between the VPP and the distribution network reasonably and maintain the system power balance. 
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  Distributed Coordinated Operation Method of Plug-in Electric Vehicles in Micro Grid Considering Fluctuation of Wind Power

  XIA Shiwei， LU Tao， DU Ting， LI Gengyin， BU Siqi

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 86-94. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.010

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  With the development of wind power generation， the problem of power fluctuation is increasingly prominent. The real-time reasonable controlling of plug-in electric vehicles （PEVs） can provide valuable ancillary service for balancing the active power and regulating the frequency of power systems. This paper proposed a coordinated PEV operation model based on the willingness to participation （WTP） parameter of charging patterns and maximal total utility of PEVs， in order to economically allocate PEVs' power for alleviating wind power fluctuations in a micro-grid. Furthermore， to solve this model， a consensus theory based center-free scheme is designed to control PEVs' charging/discharging power in real-time. The proposed scheme could flexibly satisfy PEV various charging scenarios including random arrival and departure time as well as the initial and desired State of Charge （SOC）. Finally， the simulation is carried out in a micro-grid with 5 wind farms and 2 000 PEVs， and the simulation results show that the proposed coordinated operation model and distributed control method of PEVs can flexibly meet the daily flexible charging requirements of large-scale PEVs， and also effectively improve the frequency of micro-grids.
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  Multi-agent Bidding of Trans-provincial Clean-Energy Power Transaction Coordinated by Carbon Trading

  WANG Hui， CHEN Bobo， ZHAO Wenhui， LIAO Kun

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 95-104. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.011

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  The implementation of carbon emission trading will increase the pressure of power enterprises to reduce emissions， and the phenomenon of "three discards" will also enhance the demand of clean energy across provinces and regions， which will profoundly change the market game behavior of power generation enterprises. This paper proposes a low-carbon incentive clearing method and discusses an optimal bidding strategy for the main subject of trans-provincial power trading， in which the constraint of carbon quota and the obstruction of clean energy are taken into account at the same time. Firstly， the market structure under the cooperation of carbon trading and power generation right trading is established， and synergistic influence between the carbon trading and power generation rights is clarified. Secondly， monetizing the carbon emission reduction benefits of clean energy power generation， a low-carbon incentive clearing model of trading center is constructed on the basis of maximizing the sum of economic utility and carbon emission reduction benefits of trading. Meanwhile， the competitive decision model of heterogeneous power producers is constructed on the basis of profit maximization. Numerical examples verify the effectiveness of the proposed clear model and bidding decision model. The results show that the proposed clear model can promote the trans-province consumption of clean energy；the established game model can enable each generator achieving optimal profit and the market reaches equilibrium， which realize the joint optimization of the clearing target.
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  Research Status and Prospects of Electric Energy Router Technology

  GE Qiancheng， YAO Gang， ZHOU Lidan

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 105-113. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.012

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  In order to cope with the changes in supply and demand after the transformation of the energy system with green energy conservation， the electric energy router， which is the core equipment in the energy internet， has received more and more attention in industry and academia. The electric energy router is generally considered to be composed of a comprehensive application module， an operation control module， a communication module and a physical module. This paper analyzes and summarizes the research progress of related technologies of electric energy router: power electronic conversion technology， real-time communication technology， plug and play port technology and energy management technology， and prospects for its development trend and possible challenges in the future energy internet.
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  Research on Control Strategy of Spot Market Deviation of Electricity Sales Company Based on User-Side Adjustable Resources

  GAO Rui， GUO Hongxia， YANG Ping， GUO Minhua， REN Zhijun

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 114-122. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.013

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  Settlement mechanism of real-time deviation power is an important part of electricity market system. The deviation power of electricity retailers in real-time market will bring certain risk of loss of income under this mechanism. In view of upcoming deviation power settlement mechanism in spot market of Guangdong Province， this paper proposes a control strategy to reduce real-time market deviation of electricity retailers. The constraints of power control strategy of electricity retailers under different risk acceptance levels are established. Case study is carried out on the basis of the prediction of extreme learning machine and the reduction of scene. Through sensitivity analysis， effects of prediction accuracy， user-side resource characteristics and cost on the real-time deviation of power control of power sales companies are studied.
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  Identification of Distribution Network Operation Topology Based on DSCADA and μPMU Telemetry Data Fusion

  WANG Hefei，LI Hongtao，YU Kun，GUO Wenxin，HUANG Kun

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 123-131. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.014

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  In the case of distribution  network， distribution network supervisory control and data acquisition （DSCADA） system and a small number of micro synchronous phasor measurement units （μPMU） installed in some nodes of distribution network， a method for distribution network operation topology identification based on the fusion of DSCADA and μPMU telemetry data is proposed. Firstly， the identification model of topology change time is constructed on the basis of node voltage phase measurement by μPMU， and the time of topology change is identified. Then， on the basis of the node voltage changes before and after the topology changes， criteria for possible topologies is constructed with the help of DSCADA and μPMU telemetry data， and the possible range of the reconstructed topology is reduced. Finally， the weighted least squares method is used to fuse the DSCADA and μPMU telemetry data， to estimate the node voltage phase under the possible topologies， and to identify the actual topology by using the established topology similarity identification model. The accuracy of the algorithm is verified by considering different measurement error combinations of μPMU and DSCADA.
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  Research on Load Demand Response Decision Considering Resource Correlation and Uncertainty

  SONG Jie，CHEN Zhenyu，YANG Yang，ZHANG Kaiheng，ZHANG Weiguo， ZHU Qing，XU Qingshan

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(6): 132-138. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.06.015

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  The demand response（DR）has certain uncertainty. In order to truly reflect the response of each uncertain user， this paper considers the correlation between spatial and temporal responsiveness of uncertain user resources represented by air conditioning. Firstly， the improved Latin hypercube sampling method is used to scale and correlate the responsivity， and the samples reflecting the response correlation are obtained. Secondly， the deterministic resources are introduced to establish the optimal decision model of the load aggregator（LA）， and the decision-making scheme is solved by  the algorithm  when the profit is the highest through random simulation and intelligence. Finally， an example is given to analyze the influence of the distribution parameters of deterministic resources， correlation and responsiveness on decision-making schemes and profits. Measures that can increase the profit include ordering deterministic resources， signing negative related uncertain users， increasing the average of responsiveness， reducing the variance of responsiveness.