综合能源系统是实现“双碳”目标的有效途径,为进一步挖掘其需求侧可调节潜力对碳减排的作用,提出了一种碳交易机制下考虑需求响应的综合能源系统优化运行模型。首先,根据负荷响应特性将需求响应分为价格型和替代型2类,分别建立了基于价格弹性矩阵的价格型需求响应模型,及考虑用能侧电能和热能相互转换的替代型需求响应模型;其次,采用基准线法为系统无偿分配碳排放配额,并考虑燃气轮机和燃气锅炉的实际碳排放量,构建一种面向综合能源系统的碳交易机制;最后,以购能成本、碳交易成本及运维成本之和最小为目标函数,建立综合能源系统低碳优化运行模型,并通过4类典型场景对所提模型的有效性进行了验证。通过对需求响应灵敏度、燃气轮机热分配比例和不同碳交易价格下系统的运行状态分析发现,合理分配价格型和替代型需求响应及燃气轮机产热比例有利于提高系统运行经济性,制定合理的碳交易价格可以实现系统经济性和低碳性协同。

The integrated energy system (IES) is an effective way to achieve the“carbon neutrality and emission peak”goal. In order to further explore the role of the adjustable potential of demand side on carbon emission reduction, an optimized operation model of IES considering the demand response under the carbon trading mechanism is proposed. Firstly, according to the characteristics of load response, the demand response is divided into two types: price-type and substitution-type. The price-type demand response model is established on the basis of price elasticity matrix, and the substitution-type demand response model is constructed by considering the conversion of electricity and heat. Secondly, base-line method is used to allocate free carbon emission quota for the system, and considering the actual carbon emissions of gas turbine and gas boiler, a carbon trading mechanism for the IES is constructed. Finally, a low-carbon optimal operation model of IES is established, whose objective is to minimize the sum cost of energy purchase, cost of carbon transaction and cost of IES operation and maintenance. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified through four typical scenarios. By analyzing the sensitivity of demand response, heat distribution ratio of gas turbine and the operating state of the system under different carbon trading prices, it is found that reasonable allocation of price-type and substitution-type demand response and heat production ratio of gas turbine is beneficial to improve the operating economy of the system. Making reasonable carbon trading price can realize the coordination of system economy and low carbon.

 摘 要： 适当设计的碳交易机制是实现碳减排目标的有效途径，而电动汽车（electric vehicle，EV）的大量应用可望产生明显的环境效益。在此背景下，针对包括EV、燃气轮机、风电、光伏发电的虚拟电厂（virtual power plant，VPP）参与碳交易时的情形，建立了经济与环境调度优化模型。首先，简要介绍了碳交易机制，并阐述了VPP参与碳交易时的优化调度问题及其与电力系统的交互方式。之后，建立了VPP经济与环境调度的混合整数二次规划（mixed integer quadratic programming, MIQP）模型，以VPP总体收益最大为优化目标，计及了燃气轮机运行成本、碳排放成本、EV充放电成本等。最后，采用商业求解器YALMIP/CPLEX对所建立的优化模型进行求解，并用算例说明了可行性与有效性。 

&nbsp;ABSTRACT： A well-designed carbon trading mechanism represents an efficient way to achieve the pre-defined carbon reduction target, while the wide applications of electric vehicles （EVs） could contribute to significant environment benefits. Given this background, a virtual power plant （VPP） including EVs, gas turbines, wind power units, photovoltaic units with participation in carbon trading is examined, and an economic and environmental optimal dispatching model is presented. First, the carbon trading mechanism is briefly described, and the optimal dispatching problem for a VPP participating in carbon trading as well as the interaction mode between the VPP and the power system concerned are discussed. A mixed integer quadratic programming （MIQP） model for the economic and environmental dispatching problem of the VPP is next established, with an objective of maximizing the total profit and considering the generation costs of gas turbines, carbon emission costs as well as charging/discharging costs of EVs. Finally, the well-developed commercial solver YALMIP/CPLEX is employed to solve the established optimization model, and numerical examples are served for demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.<div>&nbsp;</div>

基于低碳电力和智能电网的背景,考虑现有的风电消纳困境,该文以绿色电力证书为基础,结合碳排放权的交易制度,同时引入需求侧高载能企业负荷的响应模型,并将虚拟电厂经济效益作为优化目标函数,建立以绿证交易为基础,结合碳交易制度和高载能需求侧响应的&#x0201c;源-荷&#x0201d;双侧互补协调优化调度模型。最后将某省份区域电网代入到该文所构建模型之中进行仿真,并采用自适应免疫疫苗算法对模型进行求解,结果表明所建立的计及绿证交易与碳交易的模型有利于促进风电消耗,降低单位发电量的碳排放。

Under the background of low-carbon power and smart grid,considering the existing dilemma of wind power consumption,based on the Green Power Certificate and carbon emission trading system, at the same time introducing the response model of the demand side high capacity energy enterprise load,and taking the economic benefit of the virtual power plant as the optimization objective function, a &#x0201c;source-load&#x0201d; dual-side complementary coordinated optimal dispatch model is established. And then,the regional power grid of a province is substituted into the model constructed in this paper for simulation. Finally, the model is solved using advanced adaptive immune vaccine algorithm. The results show that the established model taking into account green certificate trading and carbon trading is beneficial to improve wind power utilization and reduce carbon emission per unit of electricity generation.