在“双碳”背景下，为解决当今综合能源微电网（integrated energy microgrid, IEM）往往独立运行而导致能源浪费和不平衡分配的问题，构建了一种基于纳什均衡博弈框架的微电网集群电能共享模型。模型考虑源荷双重不确定性，提高了微电网运行的鲁棒性。其次，设计了一种改进交替方向乘子算法（alternating direction method of multipliers，ADMM）对微电网集群经营成本进行求解，验证了算法和模型的有效性并加快了运算收敛速度。最后，提出基于纳什均衡的效益分配策略，以贡献度综合评估各主体的谈判力指标，保证微电网集群内各主体收益的公平分配。算例分析表明所提模型可快速求出内部交易的电量与电价，最大程度降低微电网集群经营成本的同时也降低了碳排放量。

In the context of “3060 dual carbon”, a micro grid cluster energy sharing model based on Nash equilibrium game framework was constructed to solve the problems of energy waste and unbalanced distribution caused by the independent operation of current integrated energy microgrid (IEM). The model considers the source-load dual uncertainty, to improve the robustness of microgrid operation. Subsequently, an improved alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) was designed to solve the operating costs of microgrid clusters, verifying the effectiveness of the algorithmic model and accelerating the convergence speed of operations. Finally, the proposed benefit allocation strategy based on the Nash equilibrium comprehensively evaluates the negotiation power indicators of each entity through contributions, ensuring a fair distribution of benefits among all entities within the microgrid group. An example analysis showed that the proposed model can quickly calculate the quantity of electricity and price of internal transactions, thereby minimizing the operating costs of microgrid clusters and reducing carbon emissions.In the context of “3060 dual carbon”, a micro grid cluster energy sharing model based on Nash equilibrium game framework was constructed to solve the problems of energy waste and unbalanced distribution caused by the independent operation of current integrated energy microgrid (IEM). The model considers the source-load dual uncertainty, to improve the robustness of microgrid operation. Subsequently, an improved alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) was designed to solve the operating costs of microgrid clusters, verifying the effectiveness of the algorithmic model and accelerating the convergence speed of operations. Finally, the proposed benefit allocation strategy based on the Nash equilibrium comprehensively evaluates the negotiation power indicators of each entity through contributions, ensuring a fair distribution of benefits among all entities within the microgrid group. An example analysis showed that the proposed model can quickly calculate the quantity of electricity and price of internal transactions, thereby minimizing the operating costs of microgrid clusters and reducing carbon emissions.

构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统是实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的关键驱动力。传统的以可控煤电装机为主导的电源结构,转变为以强不确定性、弱可控的新能源为主体的新型电力系统,将面临着灵活性资源短缺等挑战。以提升新型电力系统灵活性为导向,提出了灵活性资源聚合两阶段调度优化模型。第一阶段模型考虑分时价格型需求响应,以净负荷波动最小为目标平滑负荷曲线;第二阶段模型考虑分段激励型需求响应市场交易机制,融合电化学储能、抽水蓄能、改造火电等灵活性资源,以系统运行成本最小为目标设计最优运行方案。最后,算例结果和场景对比表明,需求响应能够充分挖掘负荷跟随系统调节的互动能力;改造后火电机组能够降低煤耗水平,提高调节能力,加强与系统灵活性需求时空匹配;各类储能积极响应电力系统调峰,促进了新能源消纳。

The construction of the new power system dominated by new energy is a key driver to achieve the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. The traditional power supply structure dominated by controllable coal-fired power installations is transformed into a new power system dominated by new energy with strong uncertainty and weak controllability, which will face challenges such as shortage of flexibility resources. In order to improve the flexibility of the new power system, a two-stage scheduling optimization model of flexible resource aggregation is proposed in this paper. The first stage model considers time-of-price demand response, and takes the minimum net load fluctuation as the goal to smooth the load curve. The second stage model considers segmented incentive-based demand-response market trading mechanism, integrates flexibility resources such as electrochemical energy storage, pumped storage, and reformed thermal power, and designs the optimal operation scheme with the objective of minimizing system operation cost. Finally, the calculation result and scenario comparison show that demand response can fully exploit the interactive ability of load following system regulation. The reformed thermal power units can reduce coal consumption level, improve regulation ability, and enhance the spatial and temporal matching with system flexibility demand. Various types of energy storage actively respond to the power system peak regulation. Taking pumped storage power station as an example, the reservoir storage capacity presents the shape of "double peaks and double valleys" in the dispatching cycle.

The endowment effect is the tendency for people who own a good to value it more than people who do not. Its economic impact is consequential. It creates market inefficiencies and irregularities in valuation such as differences between buyers and sellers, reluctance to trade, and mere ownership effects. Traditionally, the endowment effect has been attributed to loss aversion causing sellers of a good to value it more than buyers. New theories and findings--some inconsistent with loss aversion--suggest evolutionary, strategic, and more basic cognitive origins. In an integrative review, we propose that all three major instantiations of the endowment effect are attributable to exogenously and endogenously induced cognitive frames that bias which information is accessible during valuation.Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.