规模化电动汽车(electric vehicles, EV)的接入对区域综合能源系统(regional integrated energy system,RIES)优化调度提出了新的挑战,文章提出了计及分布式电源和电动汽车源荷双向互动的RIES双层日前优化调度策略。首先,采用蒙特卡洛法模拟电动汽车无序充电,在此基础上利用分时电价引导负荷侧的电动汽车有序充电;然后,基于电力市场和碳交易市场,充分考虑源侧风光出力和负荷侧价格型需求响应等过程中的不确定性因素,以日系统经济成本和碳交易成本最低为目标进行系统优化调度,并采用改进粒子群算法进行求解;最后,通过仿真算例分析可得,文章提出的双层优化调度策略能够有效降低系统的负荷峰谷差,在实现电动汽车有序充电的同时,能够有效提升用户用电满意度、降低碳排放量以及增加系统经济效益。

Access to large-scale electric vehicles poses new challenges for the optimal dispatching of a regional integrated energy system (RIES). This study proposes a bi-level day-ahead scheduling strategy for a RIES while considering the integration of electric vehicles. First, the Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the disordered charging of electric vehicles. On this basis, the time-of-use price was used to guide the orderly charging of electric vehicles on the load side. Next, based on the electricity and carbon trading markets and fully considering the uncertainty factors in the process of wind power output on the source side and the demand-side response on the load side, the system was optimized and scheduled to minimize the daily economic and carbon trading costs. An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to solve the problem. Finally, through the analysis of simulated examples, it was concluded that the bi-level optimal scheduling strategy proposed in this study can effectively reduce the peak-valley difference of the system load, improve the electricity consumption satisfaction of users, reduce carbon emissions, and increase the economic benefits of the system, while realizing the orderly charging of electric vehicles.

针对可再生能源消纳问题,研究了氨能与广义储能参与的多能耦合系统低碳协调运行方式,利用氨能和燃煤机组煤氨混燃相结合的技术来优化系统碳排放。首先考虑氨能参与的多能流交互与广义储能的灵活调控特性,构建了以运行费用最小、可再生能源利用率最大、碳排放量最小为目标函数的综合效益评价指标。提出基于能流关联的碳流拓扑分析方法,利用碳流信息作为综合效益评估的辅助决策手段。最后对实际区域系统进行仿真分析,通过氨能与广义储能的协同调控,有效改善了系统的综合效益。

To address the problem of renewable energy consumption, the low-carbon coordinated operation mode of a multi-energy-coupled system with ammonia energy and generalized energy storage was studied. The combination of ammonia energy and a coal-fired unit of coal-ammonia co-combustion was used to optimize the carbon emissions of the system. First, considering the flexible regulation characteristics of the multi-energy flow interaction and generalized energy storage with the participation of ammonia energy, a comprehensive benefit evaluation index with the minimum operating cost, maximum utilization rate of renewable energy, and minimum carbon emission as the objective function was constructed. A carbon flow topology analysis method based on the energy flow correlation was proposed. The carbon flow information was used as an auxiliary decision-making method for a comprehensive benefit evaluation, and a simulation analysis of the actual regional system was performed. The comprehensive benefits of the system were effectively improved through the coordinated control of the ammonia energy and generalized energy storage.

氨不仅是一种成本低廉的化工原料，而且由于具有较高的能量密度、易于储运、燃烧不产生CO₂等优点被认为是一种有广泛应用前景的清洁燃料。氨燃料具有替代汽油、柴油等化石燃料的应用潜力，为解决环境污染和化石能源短缺等问题提供了新的途径。本文概述了氨燃料的理化特性、燃烧特性以及与多种材料的相容性，介绍了氨作为调合燃料的性能及应用研究进展，尤其对氨-汽油燃料、氨-柴油燃料、氨-正庚烷燃料等燃料体系的研究成果进行了总结。文章集中分析了氨作为发动机燃料的机遇和挑战，尤其指出了氨燃料的生产高能耗、毒性及腐蚀性、氨的燃烧缺陷等问题，并探讨了对应的解决方案。在碳达峰、碳中和的大背景下，氨燃料在我国的发展具有后发优势。

Ammonia is not only a low-cost chemical material, but also has some advantages such as high energy density, convenient for transportation, and combustion without CO₂ emissions. Therefore, ammonia fuel is a novel clean energy with broad application prospects. Ammonia fuel has the potential to replace fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Therefore, it can be anticipated that ammonia fuel would be a new way to solve environmental pollution and fossil energy shortages. This paper summarized physical and chemical properties and combustion characteristics of ammonia fuel, and compatibility of ammonia fuel and some materials was introduced as well. What’s more, the application research progress of ammonia-gasoline fuel, ammonia-diesel fuel and ammonia-heptane fuel was also summarized respectively. Furthermore, the opportunities and challenges of ammonia as a potential fuel were discussed. In particular, the problems of ammonia were pointed out, such as high energy consumption, toxicity and corrosivity, and combustion defects. Accordingly, the corresponding solutions were analyzed emphatically. Under the background of peak carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality, ammonia fuel had a late developing advantage in China.

随着全球“减碳”目标的提出，氢气被认为是最理想的清洁能源，但是制取成本高、储存及运输困难等问题限制了氢的大规模能源化应用。氨作为氢的载体，具有“零碳”意义的绿氨越来越引起各国重视。本文通过对近期相关文献的探讨，综述了绿氨能源化的前景及氨燃料应用的进展。介绍了绿氨的来源，从绿氨生产成本、技术成熟度及政策因素等方面，分析绿氨规模化应用前景及面临的挑战。船舶运输及发电等是氨燃料的重要目标应用领域，但是还需要进一步解决氨的安全性、掺烧理论以及燃烧系统改造等难题。氨燃料电池是氨能源化的重要技术，本文详细介绍了氨燃料电池的研究进展，包括氧离子导电电解质固体氧化物氨燃料电池、质子传导电解质固体氧化物氨燃料电池、质子膜氨燃料电池和碱性氨燃料电池等。综合分析表明，全球减碳政策驱动因素是现阶段绿氨发展的重要推动力。质子膜氨燃料电池和碱性氨燃料电池在短期内将无法满足氨燃料的规模化应用，而固体氧化物燃料电池具有高度的燃料灵活性，是最有前景的氨燃料电池类型。

With the proposal of a "carbon reduction" global goal, hydrogen is considered the ideal clean energy, but problems such as high production cost, storage, and transportation difficulties limit the large-scale energy application of hydrogen. Used as the carrier of hydrogen. green ammonia, with the meaning of zero carbon footprint, has attracted more and more attention. This study provides an overview of the potential energy applications for green ammonia, the development of green ammonia, and the application progress of ammonia fuel. Furthermore, this study introduces the source of green ammonia. The prospect and challenges of large-scale application of green ammonia are analyzed according to the production cost, technology maturity, and policy factors of green ammonia. Presently, ship transportation and power generation are essential target application fields of ammonia fuel. However, there are still some problems, including the safety of ammonia, mixed combustion theory, and combustion system transformation, among others. An ammonia fuel cell is an essential technology for the energy conversion of ammonia. The research progress of ammonia fuel cell is introduced in detail, including oxygen ion-conducting electrolyte ammonia solid oxide fuel cell, proton-conducting electrolyte ammonia solid oxide fuel cell, proton membrane-ammonia fuel cell and alkaline ammonia fuel cell. The comprehensive analysis shows that the global carbon reduction policy is essential for developing green ammonia at this stage. In the short term, proton membrane-ammonia fuel cell and alkaline ammonia fuel cell would not be able to handle the large-scale application of ammonia fuel. Solid oxide fuel cell with high fuel flexibility is the most promising type of ammonia fuel cell.

碳达峰、碳中和对可再生能源提出了更迫切的发展要求。为缓解电网调峰压力的同时降低碳排放，提出了一种基于绿证碳交易机制的风火蓄联合调峰控制策略。该策略为分层控制，上层模型为保证抽蓄电站的削峰填谷效果和收益，以净负荷峰谷差最小和抽蓄收益最大为目标；下层模型以系统总运行成本最低为目标，并引入了划分区间的阶梯式碳交易机制和量化罚款幅度的绿色证书交易机制，旨在保证系统经济性的同时满足低碳性。仿真结果表明，所提出的绿证碳交易机制控制策略可减少火电机组出力1.69%，降低系统总运行成本4.09%，验证了策略在低碳经济发展方面的作用。

Peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality require urgent renewable energy development. This paper proposes a peak regulation control strategy for wind-thermal-storage combined with the green certificate-carbon trading mechanism to ease peak shaving pressure and reduce carbon emissions. The strategy employs a hierarchical control approach. First， the upper model aims to optimize the peak-valley difference of the net load and maximize the revenue from pumping and storage power stations， ensuring their peak-shaving， valley-filling effect， and revenue. Second， the lower model aims at the lowest total operating cost of the system and incorporates a carbon trading mechanism with segmented boundaries and a green certificate mechanism with quantified fines to ensure the economy of the system while meeting the low carbon requirements. Through simulation analysis， the proposed green certificate-carbon trading mechanism control strategy can reduce the output of thermal power units by 1.69% and the total operating cost of the system by 4.09%， verifying the role of the strategy in developing a low-carbon economy.

为了进一步降低综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)碳排放量,提升其能源利用率,提出了一种在阶梯式碳交易机制下考虑需求响应(demand response,DR)的IES优化调度策略。首先从需求响应角度出发,考虑到多种能源之间具备协同互补与灵活转换的能力,引入电-气-热的横向时移与纵向互补替代策略并构建DR模型;其次从全生命周期评估的角度出发,阐述碳排放权初始配额模型,并对其加以修正,然后引入阶梯式碳交易机制,对IES的碳排放进行约束;最后以能源购买成本、碳排放交易成本、设备维护成本、需求响应成本之和最小化为目标,并考虑安全约束构建低碳优化调度模型。利用Matlab软件将原问题转化为混合整数线性问题,并使用CPLEX求解器对模型进行优化求解。算例结果表明,在阶梯式碳交易机制下考虑碳交易成本和需求响应,可以使IES的运行总成本下降5.69%,碳排放量降低17.06%,显著提高了IES的可靠性、经济性和低碳性。

To further reduce the carbon emissions of integrated energy systems (IES) and improve their energy utilization, an IES optimization scheduling strategy considering demand response (DR) under a stepped carbon trading mechanism was proposed. First, from the perspective of demand response (DR), considering the synergistic complementarity and flexible conversion ability of multiple energy sources, lateral time-shifting and vertical complementary alternative strategies for electricity, gas, and heat were introduced, and a DR model was constructed. Second, from the perspective of life-cycle assessment, the initial quota model of carbon emissions allowances was elaborated and revised. Subsequently, we introduced a tiered carbon trading mechanism that imposes a certain degree of constraint on the carbon emissions of IES. Finally, the sum of the energy purchase, carbon emission transaction, equipment maintenance, and demand response costs was minimized, and a low-carbon optimal scheduling model was constructed considering the safety constraints. This model transforms the original problem into a mixed-integer linear problem using Matlab software and optimizes the model using the CPLEX solver. The example results show that considering the carbon trading cost and demand response under the tiered carbon trading mechanism, the total operating cost of the IES is reduced by 5.69%, and the carbon emissions are reduced by 17.06%, which significantly improves the reliability, economy, and low-carbon performance of the IES.