基于Sandia方法,对北京地区的3种不同能源系统（全空调建筑和2个可再生能源系统）,采用随机森林提取特征重要性的方法替代专家判断,定量地分配权重因子,生成适用于不同能源系统的典型气象年（TMY）,并利用EnergyPlus进行模拟分析。结果显示：该方法可定量地生成适用于不同能源系统的权重因子集,用于生成相应的TMY。根据不同能源系统的特性,对时间段进行划分并提取对应的权重因子集,可进一步提高TMY的代表性。

Based on the Sandia method, this paper uses random forest to extract the importance of features instead of expert judgment to generate typical meteorological years (TMY) for three different energy systems (one fully air-conditioned building and two renewable energy systems) in Beijing. Energy Plus is used for simulation and analysis. The results show that this method can quantitatively generate the weight factor subsets suitable for different energy systems, which can be used to generate the corresponding TMY. The representativeness of TMY can be further improved by dividing time periods according to the characteristics of different energy systems and extracting corresponding weight factor subsets.

综合能源系统是实现“双碳”目标的有效途径,为进一步挖掘其需求侧可调节潜力对碳减排的作用,提出了一种碳交易机制下考虑需求响应的综合能源系统优化运行模型。首先,根据负荷响应特性将需求响应分为价格型和替代型2类,分别建立了基于价格弹性矩阵的价格型需求响应模型,及考虑用能侧电能和热能相互转换的替代型需求响应模型;其次,采用基准线法为系统无偿分配碳排放配额,并考虑燃气轮机和燃气锅炉的实际碳排放量,构建一种面向综合能源系统的碳交易机制;最后,以购能成本、碳交易成本及运维成本之和最小为目标函数,建立综合能源系统低碳优化运行模型,并通过4类典型场景对所提模型的有效性进行了验证。通过对需求响应灵敏度、燃气轮机热分配比例和不同碳交易价格下系统的运行状态分析发现,合理分配价格型和替代型需求响应及燃气轮机产热比例有利于提高系统运行经济性,制定合理的碳交易价格可以实现系统经济性和低碳性协同。

The integrated energy system (IES) is an effective way to achieve the“carbon neutrality and emission peak”goal. In order to further explore the role of the adjustable potential of demand side on carbon emission reduction, an optimized operation model of IES considering the demand response under the carbon trading mechanism is proposed. Firstly, according to the characteristics of load response, the demand response is divided into two types: price-type and substitution-type. The price-type demand response model is established on the basis of price elasticity matrix, and the substitution-type demand response model is constructed by considering the conversion of electricity and heat. Secondly, base-line method is used to allocate free carbon emission quota for the system, and considering the actual carbon emissions of gas turbine and gas boiler, a carbon trading mechanism for the IES is constructed. Finally, a low-carbon optimal operation model of IES is established, whose objective is to minimize the sum cost of energy purchase, cost of carbon transaction and cost of IES operation and maintenance. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified through four typical scenarios. By analyzing the sensitivity of demand response, heat distribution ratio of gas turbine and the operating state of the system under different carbon trading prices, it is found that reasonable allocation of price-type and substitution-type demand response and heat production ratio of gas turbine is beneficial to improve the operating economy of the system. Making reasonable carbon trading price can realize the coordination of system economy and low carbon.

The rising energy consumption in residential buildings within the hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) climate zone, driven by occupants’ pursuit of improved thermal comfort, necessitates effective energy conservation measures. This study established urban building energy models for 32,145 residential buildings in Changsha City, China, and conducted a comprehensive retrofit analysis of seven energy conservation measures (ECMs). Additionally, the study assessed the impact of residents’ conscious energy-saving behaviors concerning air conditioner (AC) control. The research commenced by creating six baseline models representative of the diverse building stock. Identifying seven commonly used ECMs, the study examined the potential of each measure for enhancing energy efficiency. To facilitate the analysis, a dedicated toolkit, AutoBPS-Retrofit, was developed to efficiently modify the baseline model for each ECM. Furthermore, the investigation delved into the investment cost of implementing the ECMs and evaluated their simple payback year (PBP) and net present value (NPV). The results demonstrate that tailored retrofit plans are essential when addressing envelope improvements, varying according to building types and ages. Retrofits targeting lighting systems offer both promising energy savings and favorable economic viability, albeit subject to residents’ preferences. Alternatively, upgrading the AC systems emerges as the most energy-efficient approach, yet the economic assessment raises concerns. The study’s findings offer practical insights for governments seeking to establish effective carbon reduction goals and policies. Moreover, the research can assist energy-saving institutions, real-estate companies, and stakeholders involved in renovation projects by offering guidance in making informed decisions to enhance energy efficiency in city-scale residential buildings.

冷热电三联供系统在满足用户多种负荷需求的同时梯级利用能源，系统能源利用效率高。随着可再生能源技术的迅速发展，集成多种可再生能源的综合能源系统受到广泛的关注。由于不同地区、不同建筑类型的多能源负荷需求差异较大，文章基于负荷模拟获得典型建筑冷热电负荷需求，分析不同气候区域不同建筑类型的热电比、冷电比等负荷需求特征。将能源的利用过程归为生产、回收、转换和储存四环节，基于能量平衡原则建立包含四环节的综合能源系统的混合整数非线性规划模型，从而获得影响综合能源系统和三联供系统经济性的重要因素，研究综合能源系统、三联供系统配置在不同地区和建筑的适用特点，结果体现出不同地区、建筑类型综合能源系统配置的差异性。

The efficiency of combined cooling heating and power （CCHP） is high on account of cascading energy utilization to meet the multiple load requirements. With the rapid development of renewable energy technology, integrated energy system incorporating with various renewable energies has been widely concerned. The multi-energy demands of different building types vary greatly in different regions. This paper obtains the typical building cooling, heating and power demands on the basis of the simulation of multi-energy demands, and analyzes the energy demand characteristics, which include the heat-power ratio and cooling-power ratio in different building types. Moreover, this paper deduces energy production, recycle, conversion and storage segments from energy utilization process. A mixed integer nonlinear programming model （MINLP） is built for above four segments in integrated energy system on the basis of the energy balance principle. The factors which have prominent influences on integrated energy system are identified. Simulation results show that the optimal configurations of integrated energy system and CCHP equipment, obtained by the proposed method, change with different locations and types of buildings.