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Planning Application and Challenges of Grid-Forming Energy Storage in Supporting New Power System Construction
XU Yuhao, SONG Chenhui, CAO Yijia, LI Chao, XIE Huifan, LIU Chunxiao, XIAO Jun
Electric Power Construction ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (6) : 1-16.
PDF(2046 KB)
PDF(2046 KB)
Planning Application and Challenges of Grid-Forming Energy Storage in Supporting New Power System Construction
[Objective] Under the "Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" goals, as a critical technology for adapting power systems to high proportions of renewable energy, the application advantages of grid-forming energy storage (GFMES) have not been fully exploited. Therefore, there is an urgent need to clarify its active support mechanisms and planning methods across multiple scenarios in the new power system. [Methods] This paper summarizes the voltage support, frequency support, and inertia support mechanisms of GFMES from the perspective of grid-forming control. Planning methods are then reviewed for normal operating conditions, small-disturbance conditions, and large-disturbance conditions. Combined with engineering demonstrations, the planning roles, key requirements, and multi-condition coordination issues of GFMES are further analyzed in renewable energy export systems, HVDC receiving-end nearby grids, and microgrids. [Results] Existing studies have established condition-oriented planning frameworks: normal-operation planning mainly emphasizes techno-economic performance; small-disturbance planning focuses on system strength and frequency stability; large-disturbance planning highlights whole-process coordination of prevention, fault ride-through, and post-fault recovery. Meanwhile, the functional role, dominant constraints, and planning requirements of GFMES differ significantly across application scenarios. [Conclusions] GFMES planning exhibits strong scenario dependence and multi-condition coupling. System strength, voltage/frequency security margins, and fault recovery requirements are the key constraints governing siting and sizing. Future work should develop coordinated planning methods that jointly consider technical constraints and economic performance.
grid-forming energy storage （GFMES） / high-renewable-penetration power system / planning and configuration / application scenarios / active support
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目的 “双高”电力系统(高比例可再生能源和高比例电力电子设备)低惯性、低阻尼的特征使电网在频率、电压等稳定问题面临着严峻的挑战。构网型储能(grid-forming energy storage，GFM-ES)具有频率调节和电压控制的能力，针对其特性、应用场景和研究展望等方面进行综述。 方法 首先从GFM-ES和跟网型储能的区别以及控制方法等方面阐述了GFM-ES的主要特点；然后从频率支撑、电压支撑和黑启动等方面介绍了GFM-ES的主要应用场景；最后从GFM-ES的稳定性、优化配置和实际工程应用等方面提出了研究展望。 结论 构网型变流器的稳定性对储能机组的运行特性具有重要影响，需要进一步关注稳定问题的诱导原因、参数整定、控制和限流策略切换等；GFM-ES规划配置中，需要在功能性、复杂性、成本等方面进行权衡，以及构网型和跟网型储能的混合配置有待继续研究；加强GFM-ES机组之间的协调性和运行交互性，完善工程测试规范和标准，推动其在交直流混合电网及高压输电网络的应用。
Objectives The characteristics of low inertia and low damping in “double-high” (high renewable energy penetration and high power electronics application) power system pose significant challenges to grid stability, particularly in terms of frequency and voltage. Grid-forming energy storage (GFM-ES), which has the capability of frequency regulation and voltage control, is reviewed in terms of its characteristics, application scenarios, and research outlook. Methods Firstly, the main characteristics of GFM-ES are described from the aspects of the differences between GFM-ES and grid-following energy storage, as well as the control methods. Then, the main application scenarios of GFM-ES, including frequency support, voltage support, and black start, are elaborated. Finally, the research outlook is presented, focusing on the stability, optimal configuration, and practical engineering applications of GFM-ES. Conclusions The stability of GFM converters has an important impact on the operational characteristics of energy storage units, and further attention needs to be paid to the induced causes of the stability problem, parameter tuning, and switching of control and current limiting strategies. The GFM-ES configuration requires trade-offs in terms of functionality, complexity, and cost, and the hybrid configuration of grid-forming and grid-following energy storage needs to be further investigated. Coordination and interoperability between GFM-ES units should be strengthened, and technical test specifications and standards should be improved to promote their application in hybrid AC-DC grids and high-voltage transmission grids. |
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具有高比例新能源和高比例电力电子设备的新型电力系统是实现“双碳”目标的重要手段，但新型电力系统也会带来一系列不稳定的问题。在新型电力系统中，构网型控制技术(grid-forming control technology，GFM)具有电压支撑和主动惯量特性，以此替代同步机实现电网支撑，并维持电力系统稳定性，因此GFM具有广阔的发展和应用前景。基于此，首先，对储能变流器的拓扑进行简要介绍，并针对GFM技术的控制特点为其选型；其次，对于现有的构网型控制策略进行总结分析；最后，提出当前研究难点以及发展过程中所面临的问题和挑战，为构网型控制技术今后的发展建设提供思路。
The new power system with high proportion of new energy and power electronic equipment is an important means to achieve the goal of “double carbon”, but the new power system will also bring a series of unstable problems. In the new power system, grid-forming control technology (GFM) has the characteristics of voltage support and active inertia, which can replace synchronous machine to realize grid support and maintain power system stability. Therefore, GFM has a broad development and application prospect. Based on this, this paper first briefly introduced the topology of energy storage converter, and selected its type according to the control characteristics of GFM technology. After that, a reasonable summary and analysis of the existing control strategies of GFM was made, the current research difficulties, problems and challenges in the development process and the research prospects were put forward, and the ideas for the construction of grid-forming construction were provided. |
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The issue of power imbalance is brought on by the large-scale access to wind power, photovoltaic and other renewable energy sources in the system. In this paper, we suggested a method to optimize energy storage allocation considering peak and frequency regulation demands. In order to quantify the contribution of energy storage to system peaking and frequency response, i.e., intra-day frequency regulation with contact line deviation control and day-ahead peaking with carbon footprint constraints, a typical daily multi-timescale operation simulation model is first established. Then, a two-layer energy storage configuration-operation optimization model is established. The lower model is a simulation of different typical day operations, solved by a hybrid algorithm of differential evolutionary algorithm & Gurobi solver. The upper model aims to minimize the sum of typical day-set operation cost and energy storage investment cost to determine the energy storage capacity. Finally, the calculation example demonstrates that the configuration results taking into account the dual application scenarios with energy storage participation are more reasonable, the overall system operation cost is lower, and the carbon emission is less. |
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To deal with the problem of insufficient inertia of new energy, the control technology of virtual synchronous generators (VSG) in grid-forming energy storage has been continuously developed, which provides inertia support for the system while causing power oscillation and reducing the power angle stability of the system. To solve this problem, the mechanism of the influence of the virtual inertia and virtual damping parameters of the virtual synchronous generator on the system stability is explained, and a parameter optimization strategy is proposed for the virtual synchronous generator. This strategy simultaneously considers the frequency stability and small-signal stability of the system to establish an objective function optimization model. The objective function minimizes the maximum frequency deviation and the maximum sum of the damping ratio of the system oscillation mode. The stability interval of each control parameter is considered the constraint condition. The strategy was solved using a fast non-dominated sequencing genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with an elite strategy. Finally, the effectiveness of this method is verified through a simulation.
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利益冲突声明（Conflict of Interests）： 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
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