Two-Stage Stochastic Optimization for Data Centers Considering Wind and PV Power Uncertainty and Computational Flexibility

LU Hao, LI Wenbo, CAI Jizeng, CHANG Yanzhao, ZHEN Jiubao, WANG Chengfu

Electric Power Construction ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (7) : 14-24.

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Electric Power Construction ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (7) : 14-24. DOI: 10.12204/j.issn.1000-7229.2026.07.002
Key Technologies for Collaborative Low Carbon Optimization of Computing Power and Electric Power·Hosted by KANG Chongqing, DU Ershun, DAI Jing, LU Haifeng, CHENG Zhijiang, WANG Yongzhen, DING Zhaohao, DONG Chaowu·

Two-Stage Stochastic Optimization for Data Centers Considering Wind and PV Power Uncertainty and Computational Flexibility

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Abstract

[Objective] The increasing demand for green energy supply in data centers poses a critical challenge in matching the wind and photovoltaic (PV) power uncertainty with computational load requirements. To address this issue, this paper proposes an optimized two-stage stochastic scheduling method to coordinate wind and PV power uncertainty with computational flexibility. [Methods] First, considering the stochastic fluctuations and temporal coupling of wind and PV power outputs, a scenario generation model integrating first-order autoregressive process and Cholesky decomposition is developed to capture the temporal correlations and complementarity between wind and PV power outputs. Second, considering the heterogeneity of delay tolerance, a flexible computational response model is developed based on discrete-time task flows, in which the queue state equations quantify the time-dimensional migration capability and backlog constraints of workloads with different delay tolerances. Finally, in order to minimize the expected system operating cost, a two-stage stochastic optimization model incorporating computational load scheduling and multi-energy coordination is formulated to determine the optimal time-sequential operating strategy for computational tasks. [Results] Numerical case studies demonstrate that the proposed strategy shifts delay-tolerant workloads from peak price periods to off-peak periods with abundant wind and PV power. This coordination reduces the expected system operating cost by 4.1% compared with traditional rigid scheduling approaches. [Conclusions] The proposed method effectively leverages the demand response potential of computational loads to enable cost-effective data center operation.

Key words

data center / stochastic optimization / computational load flexibility / source-load coordination / uncertainty modeling

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LU Hao , LI Wenbo , CAI Jizeng , et al . Two-Stage Stochastic Optimization for Data Centers Considering Wind and PV Power Uncertainty and Computational Flexibility[J]. Electric Power Construction. 2026, 47(7): 14-24 https://doi.org/10.12204/j.issn.1000-7229.2026.07.002

附录A

表A1 算例系统相关参数

Table A1 Parameters related to the simulation system

参数 数值 参数 数值
数据中心服务器数量/台 12 500 冰蓄冷蓄冷/释冷效率 0.67/0.9
单台服务器峰值功耗/kW 0.55 风电与光伏初始场景数量/个 5000
单台服务器CPU最大功耗/kW 0.275 光伏预测误差标准差/p.u. 0.15
燃气轮机装机容量/MW 6 风电预测误差标准差/p.u. 0.2
燃气轮机发电效率 0.44 风光出力相关系数 -0.3
燃气轮机产热效率 0.47 天然气价格/(元/m3 2.3
余热锅炉回收效率 0.9 光伏/风电运维成本/(元/kWh) 0.016/0.018
电制冷机能效比 3.5 燃气轮机/余热回收运维成本/(元/kWh) 0.04/0.025
吸收式制冷机能效比 0.7 吸收制冷/电制冷运维成本/(元/kWh) 0.016/0.018
电储能充/放电效率 0.95 电储能/冰蓄冷运维成本/(元/kWh) 0.016/0.018

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Footnotes

利益冲突声明(Conflict of Interests): 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明(Authors' Contributions): 鲁浩提出研究思路,设计整体技术方案,参与论文框架构建;李文博负责算例系统的参数配置与数据采集,撰写初稿部分内容;蔡继增建立数学模型,编写仿真代码,执行算例分析并完成数据后处理,参与论文写作与修订;常延朝参与模型验证,协助场景生成与削减算法的实现;甄九宝参与文献调研与对比场景设计,协助结果分析;王成福负责论文的最终审阅与定稿。所有作者均阅读并同意了论文终稿内容。

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China(52377108)
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