Stochastic Optimal Dispatching of Photovoltaic-Storage Direct Current Flexible Microgrids Considering Demand Response Delay

CAO Wenxue, DONG Jikui, SUI Quan, LIAO Wei, LIU Chang, LIU Mengqi, HUANG Jiayang

Electric Power Construction ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (7) : 101-112.

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Electric Power Construction ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (7) : 101-112. DOI: 10.12204/j.issn.1000-7229.2026.07.008
Dispatch & Operation

Stochastic Optimal Dispatching of Photovoltaic-Storage Direct Current Flexible Microgrids Considering Demand Response Delay

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Abstract

[Objective] To address the dispatching challenges caused by the randomness of renewable energy output and the delay in demand response within photovoltaic-storage direct current flexible (PSDF) microgrids, this paper proposes a stochastic optimal dispatching strategy that explicitly considers demand response delay characteristics. [Methods] First, a two-layer coordinated optimization model covering the energy producer (EP) and the load aggregator (LA) is established, incorporating three types of flexible loads—shiftable, transferable, and reducible—with delay response characteristics to accurately capture realistic user-side control behaviors. Second, an asymmetric bargaining mechanism based on Nash bargaining theory is developed to account for differences in bargaining power between the two parties, thereby achieving fair and efficient electricity pricing. Furthermore, to handle the uncertainties in photovoltaic and wind power output as well as load demand, a Monte Carlo scenario generation combined with K-means clustering reduction is employed to construct typical operating scenarios. Finally, the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is applied for distributed optimization to ensure convergence and privacy preservation. [Results] Simulation results indicate that the proposed model effectively reduces the cost of the load aggregator by 1.17%, increases the profit of the energy producer by 4.07%, and decreases the overall operating cost of the microgrid by 10.03%. [Conclusions] The proposed strategy balances the economic performance of the load side and the system power equilibrium, achieving a unified improvement in economy, fairness, and privacy. It provides a practical and scalable solution for optimal dispatching of microgrids with high renewable energy penetration.

Key words

photovoltaic storage direct current flexible(PSDF) microgrid / demand response delay / asymmetric Nash bargaining / distributed optimization / stochastic dispatching

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CAO Wenxue , DONG Jikui , SUI Quan , et al . Stochastic Optimal Dispatching of Photovoltaic-Storage Direct Current Flexible Microgrids Considering Demand Response Delay[J]. Electric Power Construction. 2026, 47(7): 101-112 https://doi.org/10.12204/j.issn.1000-7229.2026.07.008

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Footnotes

利益冲突声明(Conflict of Interests): 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明(Authors' Contributions): 曹文学负责优化调度模型的构建,并完成论文的撰写与修订工作;董济魁承担研究方案设计与论证;随权提出研究思路,参与论文的撰写和修订;廖伟参与仿真数据分析,并负责终稿的校对工作;刘畅参与图形绘制及论文校对;刘孟琦参与数据预处理和数据仿真;黄加阳负责文献的检索与收集。所有作者均阅读并同意了论文终稿内容。

Funding

National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFE0199400)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52307149)
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