Dynamic Impact Analysis of Multi-Market Coupling of Electricity,Carbon and Hydrogen Under the CCER Mechanism

HU Mingyue, SONG Chenlin, FENG Tiantian, XUAN Jiadong, LIN Hanchen, XU Chuanbo

Electric Power Construction ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (7) : 178-194.

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Electric Power Construction ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (7) : 178-194. DOI: 10.12204/j.issn.1000-7229.2026.07.014
Power Economics

Dynamic Impact Analysis of Multi-Market Coupling of Electricity,Carbon and Hydrogen Under the CCER Mechanism

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Abstract

[Objective] To clarify the dynamic transmission effect of “carbon price-electricity price-hydrogen cost” triggered by the inclusion of green hydrogen under the China Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) mechanism, verify the adaptability of the 5% offset ratio, and provide a quantitative basis for multi-market coordination. [Methods] An electricity-carbon-hydrogen system dynamics model is constructed, coupling the levelized cost of hydrogen with a PEM electrolyzer learning curve modified via Bayesian inference, to simulate the evolutionary and price linkage characteristics from 2024 to 2034. [Results] Significant endogenous linkages and feedbacks exist among the three markets, indicating the inadequate adaptability of the current 5% ratio. Within a 5%-9% offset range, coupled with 1920 annual operating hours and the superimposed learning effect, green hydrogen is expected to achieve cost parity with blue and gray hydrogen by 2030 and 2035, respectively. [Conclusions] A dynamic CCER offset mechanism is crucial for balancing market operations and emission reductions. The large-scale cost reduction of green hydrogen requires dual drivers of policy and technology while averting the premium of purchased electricity. This study lays a methodological foundation for the policy design of “electricity-carbon-X” multi-market synergies.

Key words

CCER mechanism / electricity-carbon-hydrogen coupling / green hydrogen / system dynamics / multi-market coordination

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HU Mingyue , SONG Chenlin , FENG Tiantian , et al . Dynamic Impact Analysis of Multi-Market Coupling of Electricity,Carbon and Hydrogen Under the CCER Mechanism[J]. Electric Power Construction. 2026, 47(7): 178-194 https://doi.org/10.12204/j.issn.1000-7229.2026.07.014

附录A

表A1 模型初始值设定

Table A1 Initial value settings of the model

变量名称 数据名称及来源 数值
可再生能源电力消纳责任权重增长率初始值 2021—2030年全国可再生能源电力消纳责任权重月均增长率(国家发展和改革委员会办公厅、国家能源局综合司)/% 0.285
可再生能源初始装机容量 2024全国可再生能源总装机容量(国家能源局)/109kW 1.889
电力碳排放因子 2023年全国化石能源电力二氧化碳排放因子(生态环境部、国家统计局2025年12月31日数据)/(kg/kWh) 0.823 7
碳配额基线值初始值 2024年300 MW等级以上常规燃煤机组发电基准值(生态环境部)(kg/kWh) 0.791
碳价初始值 2024年12月碳价平均值(上海环境能源交易所)/(元/t) 98
CCER价格初始值 2024年12月CCER价格中间值(复旦大学可持续发展中心)/(元/t) 96.16
ALK制氢厂商设备装机 2024年底ALK电解槽装机容量(中国氢能联盟)/GW 0.76
PEM制氢厂商设备装机 2024年底PEM电解槽装机容量(中国氢能联盟)/GW 0.28
ALK设备单位投资成本 ALK电解槽系统单位投资成本(国家电投集团经济技术研究咨询有限公司)/(元/kW) 1535
PEM设备单位投资成本 PEM电解槽系统单位投资成本(国家电投集团经济技术研究咨询有限公司)/(元/kW) 6028
绿氢厂商可再生能源发电厂装机 2024年底风光配套电解规模(国家能源局)/GW 3.86
绿氢厂商自发电LCOE 2025年自发自用绿电价格(实际调研)/(元/kWh) 0.2
表A2 各省燃煤发电基准价

Table A2 Benchmark orices for coal-fired power generation by province

地区 燃煤发电基准价/(元/kWh) 政策文件名 链接
北京 0.359 8 关于印发《北京市深化新能源上网电价市场化改革工作实施方案》的通知 https://fgw.beijing.gov.cn/fgwzwgk/2024zcwj/bwgfxwj/202511/t20251107_4265642.htm
天津 0.365 5 市发展改革委关于深化电价改革有关事项的通知 https://fzgg.tj.gov.cn/zmhd/gzcx/syjgcx/gd/202110/t20211027_5664821.html
河北南网 0.364 4 关于转发《河北省发展和改革委员会关于深化新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案的通知》的通知 https://fgw.sjz.gov.cn/columns/cd7ecfb2-824a-4605-a25c-8bbe584ea4a0/202510/10/5ea2379a-24d1-4b4d-b020-d8a546903f5f.html
河北北网 0.372 0 河北:取消煤电价格联动执行“基准价+上下浮动”市场化机制 http://hebfb.apps.hebei.com.cn/hebfb/index.php/home/essay/read/id/5308.html
山西 0.332 0 关于征求《山西电力中长期交易实施细则(征求意见稿)》意见的函 https://sxb.nea.gov.cn/dtyw/jggg/202601/P020260116595723021031.pdf
内蒙古蒙西 0.282 9 内蒙古自治区发展改革委能源局关于印发《深化蒙西电网新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案》的通知 https://nyj.nmg.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxxgkzl/fdzdgknr/xzgfxwj/202506/t20250626_2746410.html
内蒙古蒙东 0.303 5 呼伦贝尔市发展和改革委员会转发关于完善生物质发电项目上网电价政策的通知 https://www.ewenke.gov.cn/file_hlbe/11/202510//20251020103042755uwukvm.pdf
辽宁 0.374 9 辽宁省深化新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案 https://fgw.ln.gov.cn/fgw/index/tzgg/2025092617545981506/index.shtml
吉林 0.373 1 关于印发《吉林省新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案》的通知 https://xxgk.jl.gov.cn/zcbm/fgw/xxgkmlqy/202510/t20251015_9336159.html
黑龙江 0.374 0 关于贯彻落实进一步深化燃煤发电上网电价市场化改革有关事项的通知 https://drc.hlj.gov.cn/drc/c111444/202110/c00_31468079.shtml
上海 0.415 5 关于上海市贯彻落实新能源上网电价市场化改革有关事项的通知 https://fgw.sh.gov.cn/fgw_jggl/20250804/dabf972a3f494bf79a8774dc786e8b7d.html
江苏 0.391 0 省发展改革委关于印发《江苏省深化新能源上网电价市场化改革 促进新能源高质量发展实施方案》的通知 https://fzggw.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2025/10/17/art_284_11657671.html
浙江 0.415 3 省发展改革委 省能源局关于印发《浙江省新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案》及配套细则的通知 https://fzggw.zj.gov.cn/art/2025/11/4/art_1229123351_2578716.html
安徽 0.384 4 关于印发安徽省深化新能源上网电价市场化改革促进新能源高质量发展实施方案的通知 https://ahjgxx.in.ah.cn/c/2025-09-22/510213.shtml
福建 0.393 2 《福建省深化新能源上网电价市场化改革促进新能源高质量发展实施方案》政策解读 https://fgw.fujian.gov.cn/jdhy/zcjd/bmzcwjjd/202510/t20251028_7027035.htm
江西 0.414 3 江西省发展改革委转发国家发展改革委关于 进一步深化燃煤发电上网电价市场化改革的通知 https://www.quannan.gov.cn/qnxxxgk/ggqsgd/202407/fab5095bd84b48e0b9513315b94b5a00.shtml
山东 0.394 9 关于印发《山东省新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案》的通知(鲁发改价格〔2025〕576号) http://fgw.shandong.gov.cn/art/2025/8/7/art_91687_10472554.html
河南 0.377 9 河南省发展和改革委员会关于转发《国家发展改革委关于进一步深化燃煤发电上网电价市场化改革的通知》的通知 https://fgw.henan.gov.cn/2021/10-20/2330188.html
湖北 0.416 1 关于印发湖北省深化新能源上网电价市场化改革促进新能源高质量发展实施方案的通知 https://fgw.hubei.gov.cn/fbjd/zc/gfwj/gf/202508/t20250828_5757033.shtml
湖南 0.450 0 关于印发《湖南省深化新能源上网电价市场化改革促进新能源高质量发展实施方案》的通知 https://fgw.hunan.gov.cn/fgw/xxgk_70899/tzgg/202510/t20251020_33829927.html
广东 0.453 0 广东省发展改革委 广东省能源局关于印发《关于深化新能源上网电价市场化改革促进新能源高质量发展的实施方案》的通知 https://drc.gd.gov.cn/ywtz/content/post_4775501.html
广西 0.420 7 关于对《广西壮族自治区深化新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案》公开征求意见的公告 http://fgw.gxzf.gov.cn/hdjl//yjzj/opinionDetail.shtml opinionid=157830208615
海南 0.429 8 关于印发《海南省深化新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案》的通知 https://plan.hainan.gov.cn/sfgw/0400/202509/e94a997394df4ccc9b61c181c35351c0.shtml#
重庆 0.396 4 关于印发《重庆市深化新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案》的通知 https://fzggw.cq.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxxgkml/jgxx/jgzc/202510/t20251015_15083706_wap.html
四川 0.401 2 关于印发《四川省深化新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案》的通知(川发改价格〔2025〕480号) https://fgw.sc.gov.cn/sfgw/tzgg/2025/11/4/19f8f6c2b72f4a2b9af40391e782dd8d.shtml
贵州 0.351 5 关于印发《贵州省深化新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案(试行)》的通知 https://fgw.guizhou.gov.cn/fggz/tzgg/202512/t20251204_89015590.html
云南 0.335 8 云南省发展和改革委员会 云南省能源局 国家能源局云南监管办公室关于印发《云南省深化新能源上网电价市场化改革 促进新能源高质量发展的实施方案》的通知 https://yndrc.yn.gov.cn/html/2025/tongzhigonggao_0827/23092.html
陕西 0.354 5 陕西省发展和改革委员会关于印发《陕西省深化新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案》的通知 https://sndrc.shaanxi.gov.cn/zfxxgk/zc/fgwj/sfzggwwj/2025/202510/t20251031_3580689.html
甘肃 0.307 8 关于印发《甘肃省深化新能源上网电价市场化改革促进新能源高质量发展实施方案》的通知 https://fzgg.gansu.gov.cn/fzgg/zfdj/202508/174190211.shtml
青海 0.312 7 关于印发《青海省深化新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案》的通知 http://fgw.qinghai.gov.cn/zfxxgk/sdzdgknr/fgwwj/202510/t20251009_90324.html
宁夏 0.259 5 宁夏回族自治区发展改革委 国家能源局西北监管局关于印发《自治区深化新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案》的通知 https://fzggw.nx.gov.cn/zcgh/fgwwj/202509/t20250915_5021985.html
新疆 0.262 0(平价项目) 自治区发展改革委关于印发《自治区贯彻落实深化新能源上网电价市场化改革实施方案(试行)》的通知 https://xjdrc.xinjiang.gov.cn/xjfgw/c108396/202506/a195076dc1b5403ba18538198c1a1694.shtml
平均 0.370 0

附录B

针对国内质子交换膜(proton exchange membrane,PEM)电解槽市场在2021—2025年间呈现的价格剧烈波动现象,考虑到单纯的经验学习曲线无法剥离“市场价格战压缩利润”与“核心材料成本见底”的双重噪音,本文构建了包含结构性惩罚因子的贝叶斯推断模型,以科学测算未来10年长期真实的技术学习率。

1)基础数据处理与表观学习率的失效。

根据中国氢能联盟统计,国内PEM电解槽2021—2025年的新增装机量分别为1.150、11.805、4.525、17.525、58.275 MW;同期单位设备价格分别约为10 800、13 740、7825、6000、4000元/kW。设t年的累计装机量为Xt,价格为Pt,传统的单因素学习曲线模型为:

${P}_{t}={P}_{0}{\left(\frac{{X}_{t}}{{X}_{0}}\right)}^{-\theta }{\mathrm{e}}^{ϵ}$

式中:θ为学习指数,对应的学习率λ=1-2;ϵ为随机误差项;P0为基年的PEM电解槽单位设备价格;X0为基年PEM电解槽累计装机量。若直接使用上述实际量价数据进行普通最小二乘法对数线性回归,得出的表观学习率高达28%以上。这一数值显然违背了产业规律,其本质是短期市场竞争导致的利润空间极度压缩掩盖了真实的技术进步率,且未考虑底层贵金属材料价格刚性的物理底线。因此,必须引入贝叶斯方法进行修正。

2)先验分布的设定。

在贝叶斯框架下,将真实的技术学习指数θ视为一个随机变量。根据彭博新能源财经(Bloomberg new energy finance,BNEF)、国际可再生能源署(international renewable energy agency,IRENA)等国际权威研究,全球PEM电解槽的经验学习率预期多介于14.4%~19.8%之间,均值约为16.5%。根据λ=1-2,16.5%的学习率对应θ≈0.26。由此,设定θ的先验分布服从正态分布:

$\theta \sim N({\mu }_{0},{\sigma }_{0}^{2})$

式中:先验期望μ0=0.26; ${\sigma }_{0}^{2}$为分布先验方差。

3)似然函数与“底线惩罚因子”的重构。

为挤出国内市场价格战的水分,本模型假设PEM电解槽价格Pt由“刚性材料成本”和“可降本制造及辅助系统(balance of plant,BOP)成本”组成。考虑到材料端价格已基本见底,对国内实际观测数据施加“底线惩罚因子”,重构其实际有效的技术学习指数 ${\widehat{\theta }}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}$

${\theta }_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}=(1-\alpha ){\theta }_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}$

式中: ${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}$为纯技术制造与BOP端学习指数观察。

扣除利润压缩噪音并叠加材料刚性底线约束后,国内有效技术学习指数的观测均值 ${\widehat{\theta }}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}$衰减至约0.07,服从分布 $N({\widehat{\theta }}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}},{\sigma }_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}^{2})$

4)后验分布求解与最终参数确定。

基于共轭先验的正态更新法则,融合国际先验认知与国内刚性底线约束后,真实学习指数θ的后验期望 $E\left[\theta \right|\mathrm{D}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}]$式为:

$E\left[\theta \right|\mathrm{D}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}]=\frac{{\mu }_{0}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}^{2}+{\widehat{\theta }}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}{\sigma }_{0}^{2}}{{\sigma }_{0}^{2}+{\sigma }_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}^{2}}=w{\mu }_{0}+(1-w){\widehat{\theta }}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}$

式中:w为先验信息的权重。考虑到国内作为全球最大制造基地的权重及材料见底的客观现实,模型将更高的数据信度(约74%的权重)赋予国内的底线修正观测值。

代入数值进行贝叶斯更新,并将后验期望值转换为系统综合学习率。经过贝叶斯模型的严格推导,挤除国内短期价格战水分并充分计入大宗材料底线惩罚后,PEM电解槽长期真实可信的学习率期望值收敛于8%。该参数既非盲目乐观,也未全盘否定技术进步,具有极强的鲁棒性,从而确立了正文长期仿真模型的底层合理性。

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Footnotes

利益冲突声明(Conflict of Interests): 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明(Authors' Contributions): 胡明月实施研究全过程,完成系统动力学模型搭建、情景设置与仿真运算,全面采集、清洗并分析研究数据,起草论文全文;冯天天提出研究方向,主导碳市场相关研究设计,指导系统动力学模型构建与仿真分析,设计论文整体框架,审核并修订论文最终版本;宋陈林负责文献调研与整理工作,梳理领域研究现状与不足,协助撰写论文引言、文献综述等部分,参与论文修改完善;宣佳栋参与系统动力学模型构建工作,协助开展研究数据收集与处理,参与模型有效性检验;林汉辰负责研究相关情报数据收集与数据工程工作,协助完成模型参数设定与仿真结果验证;许传博参与研究方案设计,主导电力市场与氢能领域的研究分析,指导电-碳-氢多市场耦合机制构建与绿氢成本核算,参与终稿修订。所有作者均阅读并同意了论文终稿内容。

Funding

Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant(U23B20124)
National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant(42171278)
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