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Review on Frequency Security Assessment and Coordinated Inertia Control for Low-Inertia Modern Power Systems
SHEN Fu, WEI Ziyu, SHU Hongchun, CAO Yang, HUA Haochen, WANG Jian, SHAN Jieshan
Electric Power Construction ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (8) : 66-87.
PDF(1752 KB)
PDF(1752 KB)
Review on Frequency Security Assessment and Coordinated Inertia Control for Low-Inertia Modern Power Systems
[Objective] The large-scale integration of high-penetration renewable energy sources（RES）and power-electronic-interfaced devices has continuously displaced the conventional synchronous generators（SG）. This transition has led to a significant reduction in the equivalent rotational inertia of modern power systems， posing unprecedented challenges to frequency security and stable operation. This paper systematically reviews and critically analyzes the state-of-the-art research on power system inertia modeling， security assessment， and coordinated control. By identifying key scientific issues and technological bottlenecks associated with low-inertia power systems， this study clarifies future research priorities and establishes theoretical foundations and technical pathways to support the secure and stable operation of highly uncertain， low-inertia modern power systems. [Methods] This paper develops a comprehensive technical framework for the security and stability analysis of low-inertia modern power systems. First， the fundamental characteristics and operational mechanisms of such systems are examined， based on which a multi-dimensional inertia modeling framework is established， including equivalent inertia modeling of synchronous generators， modeling of power-electronic-interfaced devices， and multi-timescale dynamic modeling. Second， a unified security assessment framework covering diverse operating conditions is proposed， incorporating frequency security assessment， online dynamic security assessment， and assessment under uncertainty. Finally， coordinated control strategies are developed from both spatial and multi-timescale perspectives to enable the optimal coordination of heterogeneous resources—including wind power， photovoltaic systems， energy storage， and flexible loads—thereby supporting system planning and operation. [Results] This paper systematically summarizes the complete technical framework of low-inertia modern power systems， encompassing characteristic analysis， inertia modeling， security assessment， and coordinated control strategies. The presented review deepens the understanding of operational mechanisms and security challenges in low-inertia power systems and provides valuable references for both theoretical research and engineering practice. [Conclusions] The findings offer critical technical support for ensuring the secure， stable， and efficient operation of modern power systems with high penetration of renewable energy sources.
modern power system / low inertia / security assessment / coordinated control
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Long-distance transmission of renewable energy via DC is currently a more economical transmission scheme. As the proportion of renewable energy at the generation end continues to rise, the inertia and damping level of the system is reduced, causing serious frequency-related issues. This paper first analyzes the working principle and control method of the LCC-HVDC system, summarizes the frequency control methods of the sending end power grid and their existing problems, and proposes a frequency control scheme for the LCC-HVDC sending end system based on the concept of rapid power compensation (RPC). Finally, the LCC-HVDC system model integrated with the large-capacity wind farm and thermal power plant is built in MATLAB/Simulink. Under conditions of load power fluctuation and sudden wind speed change, the proposed strategy fully utilizes the spare capacity of the system, effectively improves the frequency indexes of the system, and improves the frequency characteristics of the renewable energy sending end grid.
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| [112] |
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| [113] |
The large-scale offshore wind power integrated into the onshore power grid through voltage source converter-based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) system is unable to provide inertia response and frequency support to the onshore power grid. To improve the frequency characteristics of the receiving-end power grid, a coordinated frequency control strategy combining VSC-HVDC and offshore wind power is proposed. The onshore converter adopts virtual inertia control, which uses DC capacitors to absorb or release energy for inertia support after the receiving-end grid is disturbed. Wind-farm-side VSC (WFVSC) obtains the frequency signal of the receiving-end power grid by detecting the local DC voltage. The offshore wind farm (OWF) transfers the frequency deviation into an additional power signal and sends it to the power controller to adjust the output, thereby performing inertia and primary frequency response. In addition, a secondary frequency regulation strategy for wind farms has been designed to achieve non-difference frequency regulation of the receiving-end power grid. Finally, a simulation model of VSC-HVDC integrated OWF system is constructed to demonstrate the proposed coordinated frequency control strategy for VSC-HVDC and OWF. The results indicate that the proposed control strategy can effectively enhance the frequency support capability of the receiving-end power grid.
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| [114] |
谭珺敉, 彭晓涛, 李旭涛, 等. 基于协同控制优化风电-柔直并网惯性响应策略研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(5): 1355-1367.
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利益冲突声明（Conflict of Interests） 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
作者贡献声明（Authors' Contributions） 沈赋、束洪春、曹旸进行了研究设计；魏子玉、王健参与了论文写作；华昊辰、单节杉参与了论文修订。所有作者均阅读并同意了论文终稿内容。
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