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Optimized Dispatch for CSP-PV Hybrid Plants in Sandy-Gobi-Desert Regions Considering Frequency-Inertia Coordinated Constraints
CHEN Shi, YAN Hongping, ZANG Tianlei, LIU Yihong, CHEN Jiangping, WANG Shuhao, LI Huaqiang
Electric Power Construction ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (8) : 101-118.
PDF(2551 KB)
PDF(2551 KB)
Optimized Dispatch for CSP-PV Hybrid Plants in Sandy-Gobi-Desert Regions Considering Frequency-Inertia Coordinated Constraints
[Objective] To address the high penetration and low-inertia characteristics arising from the grid integration of large-scale renewable energy bases in “sandy-gobi-desert” regions， as well as the limitations of traditional dispatch methods that primarily focus on steady-state power balance and economic operation with insufficient attention to frequency security risks， this paper proposes an optimal dispatch method for concentrated solar power-photovoltaic hybrid power plants considering generalized inertia and rate of change of frequency hard constraints. [Methods] First， the optimal dispatch of concentrated solar power-photovoltaic hybrid power plants is modeled as a markov decision process. This model incorporates dynamic security constraints， such as the rate of change of frequency and generalized inertia， to achieve strict control over grid frequency security boundaries. Second， to efficiently solve this highly nonlinear scheduling model and overcome the limitations of the conventional twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient （TD3） algorithm—specifically addressing the low utilization efficiency of historical information and the insufficient learning of critical disturbance samples—an improved TD3 algorithm integrating long short-term memory （LSTM） networks and a prioritized experience replay （PER） mechanism is proposed. [Results] Multi-scenario simulation results based on modified IEEE-30 and IEEE-57 bus systems demonstrate that， under the complete frequency-inertia constrained scenario， the proposed LSTM-PER-TD3 algorithm achieves zero frequency-limit violations and zero reserve shortage， with a total operating cost only 2.94% above the mixed integer linear programming （MILP） theoretical optimum. [Conclusions] Concentrating solar power plants possess dual advantages of thermal energy storage for time-shifting regulation and physical inertia support from synchronous units， which can firmly guarantee frequency security for high-penetration new energy bases. The developed LSTM-PER-TD3 optimization algorithm realizes efficient unit scheduling while balancing operational safety and economy. It provides theoretical foundations and technical support for active frequency support and intelligent economic scheduling of power systems with high-penetration new energy integration.
sandy-gobi-desert regions / concentrated solar power-photovoltaic hybrid power plant / frequency stability / frequency-inertia constraints / deep reinforcement learning
1）功率平衡约束。
系统需要保证运行时段都满足负荷需求：
式中：
2）系统机组运行约束：包括出力上下限约束和爬坡约束。
式中：
3）储热模块充放热状态约束。
TES系统是CSP区别于其他可再生能源的关键组成部分：
式中：
式中：
4）系统旋转备用功率约束。
当新能源在峰值负荷向下波动时，光热发电可以利用更多的热能来增加功率，实现提供正旋转储备。当新能源在谷负荷处向上波动时，光热发电通过主动控制降低汽轮机的输出，可用热能储存在TES中，以备后期使用，实现提供负旋转储备。本文考虑CSP和火电机组联合提供旋转储备。
式中：
式中：
式中：
表B1 常规发电机组关键参数Table B1 Parameters of conventional generator units |
| 发电机（位置） | 最小出力/MW | 最大出力/MW | 爬坡限制/（MW·h-1） | 一次调频爬坡率/（MW·s-1） | 等效惯性常数/s | 发电成本/ （元/MWh） |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G2（Bus1） | 75 | 120 | 30 | 2.2 | 6 | 144 |
| G5（Bus4） | 50 | 80 | 20 | 1.8 | 4 | 126 |
| G11（Bus10） | 25 | 50 | 15 | 1.2 | 5.1 | 162 |
| G13（Bus12） | 12 | 30 | 10 | 1.2 | 5.5 | 108 |
表B2 新能源联合电站设备参数Table B2 Parameters of hybrid renewable energy power plant equipment |
| 设备类型 | 参数 | 数值 |
|---|---|---|
| 储热系统（TES） | 最大储热容量/MWh | 3500 |
| 最大充热功率/MW | 900 | |
| 最大放热功率/MW | 250 | |
| SOC上限 | 0.95 | |
| SOC下限 | 0.10 | |
| 初始SOC | 0.35 | |
| 自放热损失率 | 0.031 | |
| 光热发电（CSP） | 额定发电功率/MW | 100 |
| 光-热-电转换效率 | 0.38 | |
| 爬坡限制/（MW·h-1） | 80 | |
| 一次调频爬坡率/（MW·s⁻¹） | 5.0 | |
| 运维成本/（元/MWh） | 36 | |
| 等效惯性常数/s | 4.0 | |
| 光伏发电（PV） | 额定装机容量/MW | 200 |
| 运维成本/（元/MWh） | 28.8 | |
| 电加热器（EH） | 额定功率/MW | 120 |
| 电-热转换效率 | 0.95 | |
| 频率安全参数 | 一次调频评估窗口/s | 7.5 |
表B3 LSTM-PER-TD3算法网络结构Table B3 Network structure of the LSTM-PER-TD3 algorithm |
| 网络名称 | 网络结构 | 神经元维度 |
|---|---|---|
| 共享记忆网络 | 输入层 | 15（状态维度） |
| LSTM层+ReLu | 128 | |
| Actor网络 | 全连接层+ReLu | 256 |
| 全连接层+ReLu | 256 | |
| 全连接层+Tanh（输出） | 11（动作维度） | |
| Critic网络 | （记忆网络输出，动作）拼接输入 | 128+11 |
| 全连接层+ReLu | 256 | |
| 全连接层+ReLu | 256 | |
| 全连接层（输出） | 1（Q值） |
表B4 改进TD3算法超参数设置Table B4 Key Hyperparameter settings of improved TD3 algorithm |
| 网络 | 学习率 | 折扣因子 | 软更新率 | 经验回放池容量 | 训练总回合数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actor | 0.000 1 | 0.99 | 0.005 | 300 000 | 1500 |
| Critic | 0.001 0 | 0.99 | 0.005 | 300 000 | 1500 |
1）LSTM输入序列长度选取依据。
选取2 h、4 h、6 h和8 h四种不同序列长度对算法性能进行了对比测试，测试结果如附表C1所示。
表C1 不同LSTM输入序列长度下的算法性能对比Table C1 Algorithm performance comparison under different LSTM input sequence lengths |
| LSTM输入序列长度/h | 收敛所需平均回合数 | 收敛后系统总运行成本/万元 | 单步决策平均耗时/ms |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 1450 | 102.451 | 14.2 |
| 4 | 1120 | 98.033 | 17.8 |
| 6 | 1380 | 99.127 | 25.5 |
| 8 | 1800 | 104.680 | 34.6 |
由表C1可知，当输入序列较短时，智能体难以完整提取储热系统长周期的能量时移特征，决策存在“短视”现象，导致系统运行成本偏高。反之，当输入序列过长时，庞大的状态空间不仅增加了单步计算耗时，其引入的远期冗余噪声更严重干扰了网络梯度的稳定更新，导致收敛回合数剧增甚至陷入次优策略。实验结果表明，选取4 h能够在时序感知完整性与计算效率之间取得最优平衡。
2）优先经验回放关键超参数整定分析。
为确定最佳参数组合，本文在保持其他参数不变的条件下，对α与β组成的16组参数网格进行了交叉验证，将各组参数收敛后的系统总运行成本绘制成参数敏感性热力图，如附图C1所示。
图C1 不同α与β组合下的总运行成本参数敏感性热力图Fig. C1 Parameter sensitivity heatmap of total operation cost under different combinations of α and β |
测试结果表明：当α过小，趋近于均匀采样；当α过大，导致过度拟合少数极端样本时，算法均无法获得理想的调度策略；同时，β值需与α良好匹配以消除梯度偏差。实验结果表明，当设定α=0.6，β=0.4时，智能体表现出最优的综合寻优性能。
表D1 常规发电机组关键参数（IEEE-57节点测试系统）Table D1 Parameters of conventional generator units （IEEE 57-bus test system） |
| 发电机编号 | 最小出力/MW | 最大出力/MW | 爬坡限制/ （MW·h⁻¹） | 一次调频爬坡率/（MW·s⁻¹） | 等效惯性常数/s | 发电成本/ （元/MWh） |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G0 | 50 | 100 | 25 | 1.2 | 5.0 | 144 |
| G1 | 70 | 140 | 40 | 2.2 | 6.0 | 158 |
| G2 | 50 | 100 | 25 | 1.2 | 5.0 | 144 |
| G3 | 50 | 100 | 30 | 1.8 | 5.5 | 180 |
| G4 | 210 | 410 | 100 | 2.5 | 6.5 | 166 |
表D2 新能源联合电站设备参数（IEEE-57节点测试系统）Table D2 Parameters of hybrid renewable energy power plant equipment （IEEE 57-bus test system） |
| 设备类型 | 参数 | 数值 |
|---|---|---|
| 储热系统（TES） | 最大储热容量/MWh | 7000 |
| 最大充热功率/MW | 1500 | |
| 最大放热功率/MW | 500 | |
| SOC上限 | 0.95 | |
| SOC下限 | 0.10 | |
| 初始SOC | 0.50 | |
| 小时自放热损失率 | 0.031 | |
| 光热发电（CSP） | 额定发电功率/MW | 200 |
| 光-热-电转换效率 | 0.38 | |
| 小时爬坡限制/（MW·h-1） | 80 | |
| 一次调频爬坡率/（MW·s⁻¹） | 5.0 | |
| 运维成本/（元/MWh） | 36 | |
| 等效惯性常数/s | 4.0 | |
| 光伏发电（PV） | 额定装机容量/MW | 400 |
| 运维成本/（元/MWh） | 28.8 | |
| 电加热器（EH） | 额定功率/MW | 250 |
| 电-热转换效率 | 0.95 | |
| 频率安全参数 | 一次调频评估窗口/s | 7.5 |
表D3 LSTM-PER-TD3算法网络结构（IEEE-57节点测试系统）Table D3 Network structure of the LSTM-PER-TD3 algorithm （IEEE 57-bus test system） |
| 网络名称 | 网络结构 | 神经元维度 |
|---|---|---|
| 共享记 忆网络 | 输入层 | 15 |
| LSTM层+ReLu | 256 | |
| Actor网络 | 全连接层+ReLu | 512 |
| 全连接层+ReLu | 512 | |
| 全连接层+Tanh（输出） | 11 | |
| Critic网络 | （记忆网络输出，动作）拼接输入 | 256+11 |
| 全连接层+ReLu | 512 | |
| 全连接层+ReLu | 512 | |
| 全连接层（输出） | 1 |
图D2 储热罐充放热功率以及对应的SOC变化曲线Fig. D2 Charging/discharging power and SOC variation curve of thermal storage tank |
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Objectives Under the background of “double carbon”, molten salt thermal storage technology has been developed rapidly. Chloride molten salt has been used in solar thermal power generation and renewable energy peaking due to its advantages of good energy storage density, wide operating temperature range and low cost, therefore, the research progress of chloride molten salts in the field of new energy power generation is reviewed. Methods This work reviews domestic and international research on chloride molten salt materials, summarizes the methods to improve the thermal conductivity of chloride molten salts, outlines the measurement and regulation ways for the phase change behavior of chloride molten salts, and describes the corrosion studies on chloride molten salts. The application of chloride molten salt in the fields of photovoltaic power generation, new energy consumption and thermal power plant renovation is highlighted. It is pointed out that photovoltaic power generation is an important application of chloride molten salt in large-scale energy storage, and renewable energy consumption is a new strategy for the application of chloride molten salt. Finally, it outlooks the problems that need to be solved in the future development of chloride molten salt heat storage technology. Conclusions The development of alloy materials capable of withstanding high temperatures and corrosive environments, the exploration of cost-effective corrosion control technologies, and the collaborative development of chloride molten salt purification and corrosion mitigation methods are proposed as key issues for the commercialization of molten salt thermal storage technology. The transformation and upgrading of traditional energy systems by adopting molten salt thermal storage technology to realize clean and efficient energy utilization is an important trend in the future development of the energy field. |
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目的 发展未来能源不仅是当前国际竞争的焦点，也是我国构建新型能源体系、高质量推进中国式现代化建设的必由之路。基于此，探讨了未来能源技术类别、研究现状以及未来发展趋势，旨在为相关领域的研究和政策制定提供参考。 方法 基于国际权威机构报告及全球典型项目数据，采用多维度分析方法，系统介绍了绿色低碳电源、生物能、合成烃燃料及氢能的全球研发现状。通过技术成熟度分级框架，结合经济性指标、政策支持力度及商业化案例，重点解析了各技术路线的关键突破、应用瓶颈与协同潜力，并构建了跨技术类别的能源转型路线图谱。 结果 随着技术进步和政策支持力度增大，可再生能源在电力结构中的占比得到显著提升，成为主要电源的进程持续加快。同时，生物能、氢能、合成烃燃料、可控核聚变等新兴技术的发展将为能源转型提供新的解决方案。 结论 研究结果为推动能源绿色低碳转型提供了科学依据，对能源领域相关人员研究和制定相关政策具有重要参考价值。
Objectives Developing future energy is both a current focus of international competition and an essential pathway for China to build a new-type energy system and advance Chinese-style modernization with high-quality development. Therefore, this study explores the categories, research status, and future development trends of energy technologies, aiming to provide references for research and policy making in related fields. Methods Based on reports from international authoritative institutions and data from typical global projects, multidimensional analysis methods are used to systematically introduce the global R&D status of green low-carbon power sources, bioenergy, synthetic hydrocarbon fuels, and hydrogen energy. Through the technology readiness level framework, combined with economic indicators, policy support, and commercial case studies, this study focuses on analyzing the key breakthroughs, application bottlenecks, and synergistic potential of different technological pathways, and establishes a systematic cross-technological roadmap for energy transition. Results Driven by technological advancements and policy support increase, the proportion of renewable energy in the power structure has significantly increased, accelerating the transition toward becoming the main power source. Additionally, the development of emerging technologies including bioenergy, hydrogen energy, synthetic hydrocarbon fuels, and controlled nuclear fusion will provide new solutions for energy transition. Conclusions The findings provide a scientific basis for promoting green and low-carbon energy transition, offering important references for researchers and policymakers in the energy field. |
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目的 光伏-聚光太阳能发电(photovoltaic-concentrating solar power，PV-CSP)复合系统结合了PV低成本和CSP高可调度性的优势，但同时也面临弃电和储能利用率低的普遍问题。为实现PV弃电热转化储能利用，提出了一种配置电加热(electric heater，EH)装置的PV-CSP复合系统(PV-CSP-EH)。 方法 通过构建PV-CSP-EH复合系统准稳态模型，以1 h为时间间隔分析了系统全年运行特性。通过参数分析和帕累托寻优模型，得到了不同系统配置下的性能变化规律和平准化度电成本(levelized cost of electricity，LCOE)最优参数。 结果 PV-CSP-EH复合系统全年发电量和渗透率比传统PV-CSP复合系统分别提高了8.2%和16.2%；同时，其全年弃电量仅有2 GW⋅h，弃电回收率、转化率分别达到94.1%、35.2%；在最优配置下，其LCOE可低至0.138美元/(kW⋅h)，比传统PV-CSP复合系统降低了6.8%。 结论 PV-CSP-EH复合系统能够提高发电量和渗透能力，显著降低弃电量，以更经济的方式优化弃风弃光问题，为构建新型电力系统作出贡献。
Objectives The photovoltaic-concentrating solar power (PV-CSP) hybrid system combines the advantages of low cost of PV and high dispatchability of CSP, but it also faces the common problems of electricity curtailment and low utilization rate of energy storage. In order to realize the utilization of PV electricity rejection as the thermal energy storage, a new type of PV-CSP hybrid system (PV-CSP-EH) integrated with an electric heater (EH) is proposed. Methods By constructing a quasi-steady-state model for the proposed PV-CSP-EH hybrid system, the annual operation characteristics of the system are analyzed at one-hour intervals. Through parametric analysis and Pareto optimization model, the performance variation law and the optimal parameters of levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) under different system configurations are obtained. Results Compared with the traditional PV-CSP hybrid system, the annual power generation and penetration of PV-CSP-EH hybrid system are increased by 8.2% and 16.2%, respectively. Moreover, the annual electricity curtailment of PV-CSP-EH hybrid system is only 2 GW⋅h, and its power recovery and conversion rates reach 94.1% and 35.2%, respectively. Under the optimal configuration, the LCOE of PV-CSP-EH hybrid system can be as low as $0.138/(kW⋅h), which is 6.8% lower than that of the traditional PV-CSP hybrid system. Conclusions PV-CSP-EH hybrid system can improve the power generation and penetration capacity, significantly reduce the electricity curtailment, optimize the problem of wind and solar curtailment in a more economical way, and contribute to the construction of a new power system. |
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左超文, 王樊云, 陈洁. 考虑需求响应的光热电站热电联供型微网分层优化调度[J]. 分布式能源, 2024, 9(2): 63-73.
针对光热电站热电联供微电网的优化调度问题，提出考虑需求响应、光热电站和电加热器相互协调配合的分层优化调度模型。在上层模型中，使用移动边界法对负荷曲线进行划分，以可再生能源与负荷之间的差异最小化为目标来求解不同时段电价；下层模型以微网调度成本最小为目标进行调度优化。考虑到仅靠风电和光伏不能满足负荷需求等情况，还需对光热电站和可控电源进行调节调度，建立一个基于混合整数线性规划的经济调度优化模型，该模型包含了光热电站、需求响应和电加热器之间的相互协调调度。通过实际案例分析，验证了所提方法的有效性和合理性。
A hierarchical optimization scheduling model considering the coordination between demand response, the photothermal power stations, and electric heaters is proposed for the optimization scheduling problem of a cogeneration microgrid for a photothermal power station. In the upper-level model, the load curve is divided using the moving boundary method, and electricity prices are solved at different time periods with the goal of minimizing the difference between renewable energy and load. The lower-level model aims to minimize the scheduling cost of the microgrid. Considering the inability of wind and photovoltaic power alone to meet load demands, etc, the model also includes the regulation scheduling of the photothermal power station and controllable power sources. An economic dispatch optimization model based on mixed-integer linear programming is established, incorporating the coordinated scheduling of the photothermal power stations, demand response, and electric heaters. The effectiveness and rationality of the proposed method are verified through a practical case. |
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GB 38755—2019 Code on security and stability for power system[S].
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利益冲突声明（Conflict of Interests） 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
作者贡献声明（Authors' Contributions） 陈实、臧天磊进行了研究设计，晏红平、刘艺洪进行了模型代码编写和实验数据分析，李华强、陈江平、王舒灏参与了论文写作指导和修订。所有作者均阅读并同意了论文终稿内容。
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