01 January 2019, Volume 40 Issue 1

    

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  Research on Energy Purchase Strategy of the Multi-energy Service Provider Considering the Flexible Thermal Load

  WU Geng，WANG Haojing，ZENG Bo，ZEGN Ming

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.001

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  As the energy retailer under the background of the multi-energy system， the multi-energy service provider needs to control different types of DR resource efficiently. Sequentially， they can avoid the risk of the price fluctuation and optimize the operation cost. In this paper， according to operation mode of the multi-energy service provider， the response characteristic model of users different types of loads is proposed；Then， considering the uncertainties in the operation of the multi-energy service provider，the two-stage stochastic model of the energy purchase strategy is proposed. Finally， the model is verified by the simulation， the impact of the flexible thermal load on the energy purchase strategy of the multi-energy service provider are analyzed.
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  Design and Practice of Cross-regional Incremental Spot Market for Renewable Energy

  GE Rui， CHEN Longxiang， TANG Jun， LI Canbing， HU Miao

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 11-18. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.002

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  The phenomenon that renewable energy distribution does not match load exists in China. The reverse geographical distribution between installed capacity of renewable energy and market size results in problems such as abandoning of water， wind， and solar power. National interconnection of power grid has been achieved in China， providing physical conditions for renewable energy consumption in a wide area. Considering the output of renewable energy can only be accurately predicted in a short time scale， this paper designs a trading model about cross-regional incremental spot market for renewable energy to make full use of network resources. In addition， rules are designed and technical support systems are built， hoping to use the economic leverage and market means to further explore the potential of consumption abilities in energy-importing provinces. On the basis of above model， national power dispatching center has preceded simulation operation. Results show that the spot market has achieved good results in promoting the accommodation of renewable energy.
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  Heat and Power Scheduling of a Virtual Power Plant Considering Comfort Level of Customers

  DONG Jingying，ZHOU Bo，LIU Jinyuan，GAO Hongjun，SHI Yudong，LIU Junyong，L Lin

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 19-26. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.003

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  Combined heat and power （CHP） units operates at the "ordering power by heat" mode， which causes the insufficient of the peak shaving capacity and restricts the wind power integration， breaking the rigid coupling of electric power generation and heat supply is the key to alleviate the problem of wind power curtailment. Aiming to solve the problems， this paper adopts virtual power plant model combined CHP units and other distributed energy as a whole to participate in the grid operation， the fixed load curve is converted into an demand interval by fully considering the customers comfort level. It can flexibly adjust the output of the CHP unit while satisfying the customers comfort level and effectively reduce wind curtailment. In addition， using multi-scenario method to deal with wind power output uncertainty， a stochastic programming model with the goal of maximizing the profit of the VPP is established， which can realize coordinated scheduling optimization of heat and electric power. Finally， an example is given to verify the validity and rationality of the constructed model. The results show that considering user comfort can effectively promote wind power consumption and improve the economic efficiency of virtual power plants.
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  Monthly Bilateral Electricity Transaction Model and Daily Optimal Operation Strategy for the Agent of Electric Bus Charging Stations

  LI Ruixue， HU Zechun， DUAN Xiaoyu

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 27-34. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.004

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  This paper works on the problem of monthly electricity transaction optimization for the electric bus charging stations with solar power and energy storage through an agent， with regard to large electricity consumer participating the monthly electricity market. On the basis of the historical charging records of some actual electric bus charging stations， an optimization model for the agent of electric bus charging stations to participate in the monthly market bilateral transaction is proposed. The randomness of PV generation and the charging demands are taken into account in the model. An optimal dispatch model and implementation method are proposed to minimize the deviation penalty of the monthly contract via the charging and discharging schedule of energy storage system within electric bus charging station. Simulation results show that the proposed models and strategies can effectively provide the monthly optimal transaction decision of the agent and significantly mitigate the deviation penalty between contract and actual electricity consumption.
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  YANG Chao， YUAN Zengquan,ZHANG Zuzhi,XU Haiping,XU Zhiqiang

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 35-40. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.005

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  Group-based Interactive Scheduling Mechanism for Real-time Charging and Discharging Optimization of Electric Vehicle Clusters

  GAN Lin， HU Fan， YANG Siyuan， LIU Yuquan， AI Qian

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 41-48. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.006

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  ： The disordered charging of a large number of electric vehicles will aggravate the peak-to-valley difference of the power grid and affect the quality of power supply and transformer life. This paper considers the optimization strategy of real-time charging and discharging of electric vehicles under the distributed control framework from the perspective of group. According to different charging requirements of accessing electric vehicles， this paper proposes a real-time scheduling method that uses the end-of-charge timing as a grouping feature. A bi-level optimization model is used to solve the optimal charging and discharging power of the whole cluster and individual electric vehicle. The upper level aims at minimizing daily load fluctuations and scheduling penalty， and establishes a real-time optimization scheduling model of large-scale cluster. The lower layer considers the charging and discharging costs of electric vehicle owners and solves the optimal tracking problem of an individual electric vehicle. Taking the load data of a typical regional distribution network as an example， the simulation results show that the real-time charging optimization strategy under distributed control can ensure the reliable operation of the power grid， taking into account the interests of all parties.
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  Energy Management Strategy for Electric Vehicle Considering Photovoltaic Power Consumption and Commuter Demand

  MING Xu1， CHEN Yan,LIU Yuan,ZOU Qin， LI Wei， HU Wenbo， WANG Xuan,YANG Jun

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 49-59. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.007

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  The fluctuation of photovoltaic power limits the promotion and application of photovoltaic power in cities. The integrated construction of photovoltaic-storage-vehicle provides a reasonable solution for the application of photovoltaic power in cities. With the increase of electric vehicles（EVs）， business district has become a hot spot of electric vehicle charging and parking. Considering photovoltaic power consumption and commuter demand， a new construction of business district is proposed in this paper， including exchange area， fast charge area and slow charge area. Moreover， on the basis of multi-agent model， a management strategy for electric vehicle energy is proposed. The feasibility of the commercial district structure and the rationality of the energy management strategy are verified in the simulation of 96 scheduling times. Considering constraints of power balance and electric vehicles， the energy management strategy realizes the reasonable translation of charging power in the slow charge area， the flexible absorption of photovoltaic power and the effective management of electricity energy in each area. The total costs of electric vehicles are decreased in business district.
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  Electricity Consumption Behavior Analysis of a Large Office Building Based on Improved Cluster Ensemble Algorithm

  CAI Pengfei，YANG Xiu，LI Taijie，FANG Chen，ZHANG Yong

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 60-67. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.008

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  In this paper， a large office building in Changning District（Shanghai） is studied to analyze its electricity consumption behavior and energy-saving potential using data analysis methods. A cluster ensemble model using optimizing clustering algorithms is proposed to solve the problem of poor scalability of single clustering algorithms， which are used frequently in this field. Firstly， during the period of selecting algorithms， a comprehensive clustering evaluation index is proposed for the problem of the inconsistency of indicators. Then different clustering algorithms in R library are evaluated， and results are fused by cluster-based similarity partitioning algorithm （CSPA）. The results show that the cluster ensemble model is more effective. Users consumption patterns are extracted by this improved cluster ensemble algorithm. Then constitution and characteristics of different patterns and energy conservation strategies are analyzed. The results show that there are 4 different consumption patterns and certain energy saving potential of this large-scale office building.
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  Clustering Analysis of User Power Interaction Behavior Based on Self-organizing Center K-means Algorithm

  ZHOU Bingyu,LIU Bo，WANG Dan， LAN Yu， MA Xiran， SUN Dongdong， HUO Qiuyi

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 68-76. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.009

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  The participation of power users in grid-side interactive power and auxiliary services has become a hot topic. Analysis of users interaction power behavior is a core task. Combining self-organizing map SOM neural network and K-means clustering algorithm， this paper uses a self-organizing center K-means algorithm for cluster analysis of users interaction electricity behavior and it can achieve more accurate recognition and fast clustering. Firstly， the principle of K-means algorithm in self-organizing center is analyzed， which shows its advantages in clustering analysis of electricity usage compared with traditional clustering algorithm. Then， under the background of peak-to-valley time-of-use electricity price， the adjustment potential index based on user psychology is constructed， and the cluster analysis of users electricity consumption behavior based on load data and adjustment potential index is analyzed. Finally， the daily load data of users in a jurisdiction of a power company is studied and the two-stage clustering results based on self-organizing center K-means algorithm are compared with the clustering results based on K-means algorithm， which proves the advantages of self-organizing center K-means algorithm based on adjustment potential index in the users accurate recognition and accurate clustering.
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  Transmission Line Importance Evaluation Based on Timing Operating Data

  YANG Zhiyu， LIU Junyong， LIU Youbo， WEN Lili

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 77-85. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.010

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  In view of the traditional way of thinking based on the simulation of physical model， this paper presents a framework for evaluating the importance of transmission lines in different operation modes based on actual operation data. Firstly， according to the active tidal current data samples of power transmission lines， this paper classifies the typical operation modes of power transmission network by two-step clustering technique based on fuzzy C clustering （FCM） and pedigree clustering， and establishes a typical scenario；Then a new method of calculating the entropy of timing power flow is proposed and combined with the typical correlation coefficient theory to form a new transmission line importance index， which is used to evaluate the importance of transmission line in each typical operation scenario to overcome the time-invariant characteristics in the past traditional evaluation of the key lines. Finally， according to the complex network theory， the conclusions of the transmission network are analyzed and compared from the perspective of the topological structure， and a reasonable explanation of the relevant operating characteristics is given to prove the rationality of the framework proposed in this paper.
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  Analysis on Security of Distribution System Based on Bayesian Graph Theory Under Network Attack

  HUANG Xiaojuan， FU Rong， WU Yingjun， NI Ming， LI Manli

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 86-95. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.011

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  With the development of information and communication technology， the deep integration of physical system with information network has increased the operational risk of distribution cyber physical system （CPS） against network attacks. By analyzing the different utilization modes of the vulnerabilities existing in the information devices， the potential data attack model associated with device vulnerabilities and the information-physical interaction model are constructed. Combined with Bayesian probability quantification theory and real-time attack evidence points， the information transfer posterior probability is updated dynamically. On this basis， comprehensive evaluation index and framework of dynamic security risk are proposed to quantitatively analyze the attack influence on the information networks and distribution CPS system. Finally， an experimental simulation is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed security risk assessment method through the improved IEEE 33-node power distribution CPS system.
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  Profit Model of Power Retailer Considering Microgrid Group Under Renewable Portfolio Standards and Energy Deviation Penalty Mechanism

  WANG Tengfei， WANG Hui， LENG Yajun， ZHAO Wenhui

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 96-103. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.012

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  Renewable portfolio standards （RPS） and energy deviation penalty mechanism are 2 major power reform policies introduced in recent years， which have caused the power retailer to face double assessment pressure. To quantitatively analyze the impact of RPS and energy deviation penalty on power retailer， 2 profit models are constructed with the aim of optimal profit， comprehensively considering renewable portfolio standards and energy deviation penalty.      One is that the profit model of power retailer operates independently， and the other is that the profit model of power retailer and the microgrid group agent alliance cooperate， considering the advantages of green， environmental protection， flexibility and controllability of microgrid group.Using the actual transaction data of Guangdong province， the optimal profit under the 2 business models of the power retailer are compared and analyzed. The analysis results show that the cooperation of power retailer and the microgrid group agent can reduce the cost due to assessment following RPS and energy deviation penalty， and can increase the revenue. Adopting the Shapley value distribution method， power retailer and microgrid group agents can achieve the maximum profit， which is the optimal business strategy for power retailer recommended in this paper.
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  Research on Model of Blockchain-enabled Power Carbon Emission Trade Considering Credit Scoring Mechanism

  CUI Shuyin， LU Yi， CHANG Xiao

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 104-111. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.013

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  Blockchain is an emerging shared database technology. Due to its decentralization， transparency and fairness， it has been researched and applied in various fields. On the basis of the traditional carbon emission trading mechanism， a credit scoring mechanism is introduced to define the transaction priority value （PV）， and then the carbon emission trading blockchain network model （BENT） is proposed. It is worth mentioning that a smart contract model （SC） combined with the carbon emission trading mechanism is established in this model， thus achieving automatic measurement of carbon emission rights and currency. Finally， simulations of three power companies with different carbon emission right requirements show that the BENT model can better reflect the carbon emission trading needs of market participants， and ensure the safe storage and interaction of information through blockchain technology and the scoring mechanism is conducive to fair and equitable operation of the market， further constraining market participants and promoting the goal of achieving carbon emission reduction.
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  Overview and Prospect of Key Technologies of Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in Micro-Grid Under Power-Sales-Side Market Liberalization

  WANG Dan， SU Pengfei， GUI Xun， LIU Bo， WANG Weiliang， MA Xiran

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 112-122. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.014

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   The gradual opening of the power-sales-side market liberalization and the development of distributed energy resources （DER） have brought opportunities and challenges to the operation of the micro-grid. Peer to peer （P2P） energy trading can optimize the energy structure， give full play to the advantages of distributed generation， and improve the efficiency of energy systems. This paper takes the P2P energy trading system of micro-grids as the research object. Considering Chinas existing power reform policies， three key issues need to be resolved at the steady-state level： how to optimize the transmission of distributed energy flow and how to establish an efficient communication system， and how to solve the problem of user payment  involved by P2P energy trading process.From the perspective of energy flow， information flow  and money flow， the solution to the correlation analysis of the P2P trading system in the micro-grid is described. From the engineering point of view， the P2P energy trading process in the micro-grid under the new situation is analyzed. The key equipment and core software platforms have provided some suggestions for promoting the marketization and landing of distributed power generation in China.
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  Key Issues and Prospects of Integrated Energy Service for Energy Internet in Park

  QI Yan， LIU Dunnan， XU Erfeng,WANG Xudong， XU Yujie,LIU Mengxuan

  Electric Power Construction. 2019, 40(1): 123-132. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2019.01.015

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  The development of energy in China is faced with many difficulties such as irrational energy consumption structure， mismatching between supply and demand distribution， non-integration of various energy systems and the lack of reasonable profit return mode. Energy Internet （EI） is an effective means to solve above key problems. In the context of the Energy Internet， integrated energy service （IES） will be an irresistible trend. Energy Internet in park is the  basic unit of energy systems and landing point of integrated energy service in the future. In this paper， the concept of IES is put forward firstly. Then， on the basis of EI in park， four key issues of IES in park are analyzed， including integrated energy service provider （IESP） in park， service content， business model and supporting technology. Finally， the development of IES in the future is prospected.