01 December 2014, Volume 35 Issue 12

    

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  Risk Assessment Framework Design on Flexibility Power Grid Planning and Its Application Prospect

  LIU Kaijun，GAO Yi，SONG Fulong

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.001

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  With the development of power grid, its structure is becoming more complicated. The potential operation risk level of power grid is growing with the increase of uncertain factors in power grid. This paper applied risk evaluation in power grid planning, and considered the internal and external uncertainty factors impacting the development of power grid, such as national economic development, the optimal allocation of resources, and the running environment of power grid, which could make power grid planning more economic, reasonable and stronger adaptability. The challenges including large-scale renewable energy integration, the change of power grid structure, the development of modern distribution network, etc., were analyzed at first. The research progress and work of risk evaluation applied in power grid planning at home and abroad were then studied. On this basis, the risk evaluation framework for flexibility power grid planning was proposed, which consisted of evaluation objects, evaluation hierarchy and constraint factors；the overall outline and flowchart of risk evaluation were presented；the future application prospect of risk evaluation technology in the field of power grid planning in China was discussed at last.
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  Evaluation Method and Practical Technology on Power Grid Planning

  HAN Feng，GAO Yi，SONG Fulong，ZENG Yuan

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 6-13. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.002

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  Deterministic N-1 principle is widely used in power grid planning to evaluate the security level of the system at present. However, the probabilistic or stochastic nature of system behavior and component failures is not included in this approach. The evaluation for power grid planning, based on probabilistic risk analysis method with considering the random characteristic of power grid, was not only a useful supplement to the N-1 principle, but also could provide quantitative risk information for planning and design personnel. This paper applied probabilistic risk analysis method in the planning work of transmission network, carried on the static and transient risk evaluation combined with engineering cases, and compared the risk level of planning scheme. Based on the proposed risk indicators of root cause failure and weak link, the weakness of power grid was found to improve the rationality of the planning scheme.
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  Comprehensive Application of Risk Evaluation Project for Power Grid Planning

  LI Jun，GAO Yi，SONG Fulong

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 14-18. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.003

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  This paper described the practical application of risk evaluation techniques in transmission network planning projects, and analyzed the static risk of engineering examples, such as the construction sequence of transmission channel, power grid reinforcement planning, the effect of a transmission project on grid risk level, etc. Based on the established static optimal control model and method, the risk level of construction sequences schemes for Jin, San, Meng energy base power transfer channels was evaluated, as well as the reliability parameters change of the key lines in channels, and the impact of various transfer capacities on the system risk level. Taking a 500 kV grid in Central China as example, this paper quantitated the risk level of planning scheme, found out the weakness of grid, judged the necessity of strengthening grid from the perspective of risk reduction, and clarified the investment direction of power grid construction. Taking 1000 kV loop network in the Eastern China Power Grid as example, quantitative analysis was carried out on the impact of single transmission project commissioning on the static risk level of power grid.
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  Integrated Station Control Strategy Responding to Power System Area Control Error

  XIE Da, JIA Yujian, FENG Junqi, LOU Yucheng, YANG Minxia, ZHANG Yu

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 19-25. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.004

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  Power system area control error （ACE） is one of the major targets of the power system standard operating procedure （SOP）. This paper defined the integrated station aera control error （ISACE） quota to perform researches on the power-frequency control strategy of integrated station. Then the value-adding control and emergency support control stategy were proposed according to the ISACE indicators and the running mode of integrated power station. In the end, this paper made quantitative analysis on the operating data of real power system and proved the adjustment effect of integrated power station on power system ACE.
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  Unit Commitment in Power Systems Considering Large-Scale Electric Vehicles

  WU Ke, WANG Chun, SUN Haishun, ZHANG Xiangwen, XU Xiaohui, ZHANG Cong

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 26-31. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.005

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  Introducing large-scale electric vehicle （EV） into a power system would bring great impacts on power system’s planning, operation as well as electricity market development. This paper studied the unit commitment in power systems with considering large-scale EV, and proposed a unit commitment model with taking the needs of EV charging as constraints and the charging possibility of an EV in a certain period as the control variable that could be optimized. Taking the unit commitment of a 10-units 24-hours system as example, this paper compared the influences of three charging control strategies for different scale EVs on the optimization results of unit commitment in power system: disordered charging strategy, time of use （TOU） power price strategy and smart charging strategy. The results show that appropriate control strategy for EV charging can reduce the generation cost of power system.
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  Energy Optimization Management Research Based on Hybrid Electric Bus

  DENG Ming, SUN Chunshun, SU Sheng, YANG An, QIN Ye

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 32-37. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.006

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  With using the characteristics of electric buses: fixed driving path and clear road information, this paper proposed energy optimization management methods for the electric buses with super-capacitors and battery based on next road information. In the driving time, two fuzzy controllers: acceleration and deceleration, were designed to optimize the power of electric buses in real time for accelerating and braking conditions. In the parking time, the fuzzy controllers could be used to pre-allocate the power of super-capacitors and battery in advance in order to give full play to the complementary characteristics of the two power supplies, according to the average power needed by electric buses in next driving time. Numerical simulation results show that, the proposed methods can substantially reduce the peak power of battery discharging, significantly improve the energy recovery efficiency and effectively improve the dynamic and economic performance of electric buses.
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  Review on Unit Commitment of Power Systems with Wind Power Integration

  LIU Jizhen，WANG Haidong，LI Mingyang

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 38-45. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.007

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  The penetration of large-scale renewable power alters the structure of traditional power systems and brings new challenges to their operation and control. Unit commitment is an important step of power system s economic dispatch, which involves optimizing generators start up and shut down schedules to minimize the total production cost while meeting the load demand and other constraints of power systems. Due to the stochastic and intermittent characteristics of wind power, traditional unit commitment methods are not applicable for systems with large-scale wind integration. So the studies on the unit commitment problems of such systems have important significance to deal with the random and load fluctuation of wind power, and ensure the stable and economical operation of power system. In this paper, recent researches of unit commitment with wind power were reviewed. The difficulties of unit commitment brought by wind integration into the grid were analyzed, and different modeling and solution methodologies were summarized. Finally, some suggestions for the further research in this area were proposed, which could provide references for other researchers.
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  Unit Commitment Model Considering Uncertain Wind Power and Lower Semi-Absolute Deviation Risk

  LI Jia, HE Guangyu, LIU Feng, HU Jianchen, GU Zhidong, WEI Guoqing

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 46-53. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.008

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  In a wind-thermal system, if the unit commitment is not properly arranged, the uncertainty of wind power output will lead to a serious deviation of practical operation cost from expected operation cost, which is named decision risk. To reduce the potential decision risk, scenario generation and scenario reduction were use to characterize the uncertainty of wind power output, lower semi-absolute deviation （LSAD） was used to measure the decision risk and the decision risk was considered only when the practical operation cost was higher than expected cost. Unit commitment model called decision risk minimization （DRM） was proposed with considering the uncertainty of wind power output and the decision risk, which taken the minimization of the LSAD risk expectation in each scenario as optimization objective. The comparison between the unit commitment model with considering decision risk and that without considering decision risk was carried out through examples. The results show that the DRM model can reduce the potential decision risk. Minimizing the expectation of operation cost will increase the decision risk, while minimizing the decision risk will lead to increased expectation of operation cost. Numerical results show that the DRM model can deal with the contradictory relation between the expectation of operation cost and the decision risk caused by the uncertainty of wind power output, which can provide a new idea for decision-maker under uncertain condition.
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  Design and Test of Thyristor Valve for Southern Hami-Zhengzhou ±800 kV/5000 A UHVDC Transmission Project

  ZHA Kunpeng, GAO Chong，TANG Guangfu, YANG Jun

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 54-60. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.009

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  The function of UHVDC transmission technology is increasingly important in China for transmitting clean energy over long distance with improved transmission efficiency. So far, the newly built Southern Hami-Zhengzhou ±800kV/5000A UHVDC project, with a nominal capacity of 8000 MW, is one of the largest projects among the operating UHVDC transmission projects in the world. As the key equipment in UHVDC project, converter valve is essential in the AC/DC conversion of electricity. Therefore, converter valve must be carefully designed and strictly tested before putting into service, in order to ensure its safe and stable operation. This paper introduced the design and type tests of the A5000 type converter valve used in the Southern Hami-Zhengzhou UHVDC project in detail, including electrical circuit, the design of cooling system and mechanical structure, test circuit and test implementation. The test results show that all test items are in accordance with IEC60700-1 standard and project technical specifications, which can verify the rationality of A5000 converter valve applied in this engineering.
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  Valve Type Test Scheme for Flexible DC Transmission System Based on MMC

  HOU Ting, RAO Hong, XU Shukai, LI Xiaolin, LI Yan, YI Rong, YANG Xiaoping

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 61-66. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.010

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  In order to ensure the reliable operation of flexible DC transmission system, the safety and reliability converter valve should be completely checked by type test before operation. It demands a scientific and comprehensive type test scheme to verify and check the correctness of converter valve design. According to the structure and working principle of modular multilevel converter （MMC） and relevant standards, with taking the Nanao multi-terminal HVDC-flexible transmission project as an example, the type test scheme of MMC was proposed, which could comprehensively verify the design correctness of converter valve and relevant circuit based on the topological structure of MMC.
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  Role and Capacity Design Method of Supercapacitor in Hybrid Energy Storage System

  HUANG Xiuqiong， DING Ruoxing， XIAO Xi， WANG Kui， TIAN Peigen

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 67-71. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.011

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  According to the hybrid energy storage system （HESS） in which supercapacitor and Li-ion battery were in parallel after boosted respectively by Buck-Boost bidirectional DC/DC converter, this paper analyzed the influencing factors of the current response characteristics of the HESS in detail. Based on the characteristics that supercapacitor had good power characteristics and Li-ion battery had large capacity, the roles of two energy storage mediums in HESS were analyzed. On this basis, this paper proposed a power allocation method in which the charging and discharging of battery did not respond directly to power instruction, but in accordance with the state of the state of supercapacitor. Finally, this paper introduced the capacity design basis of supercapacitor with this power allocation method, and presented examples combined with the fluctuation characteristics of output power in direct-drive wave power generation system.
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  Analysis on North and Central China UHV AC/DC Interaction

  WANG Wentao，XU Zheng，XIAO Jinyu，WANG Zhidong

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 72-76. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.012

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  A simplified model was built based on the Hazheng DC commissioning and the North and Central China UHVAC interconnection. The variation curves of power flow on the AC lines with systems power angle was analyzed when the DC line was double-pole blocked. The power angle stability margin between the two power grids was calculated, the sensitivity factors of stability margin were analyzed, and the algebraic equations of DC transmission power and AC tie-line power under the critical condition were obtained. Finally, the algebraic equations were solved with using the North and Central China actual data at the beginning of Hazheng DC commissioning. It is concluded that the total power flowed to the receiving end will increase when the power flow on the AC tie-line is decreased, and the DC transmission power is increased. Based on the North and Central China actual data at the beginning of Hazheng DC commissioning, the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method has been proved.
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  Simulation Research on Multi-Infeed HVDC Commutation Failure in East China Power Grid

  LI Xinnian， LI Tao， LIU Yao， WANG Jingfang， PANG Guangheng， CHEN Shuyong， LEI Xiao， YANG Peng

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 77-83. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.013

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  On the basis of the summer maximum operational mode of East China Power Grid in 2013， the research model of AC/DC transmission system was built in electromagnetic transient program through dynamic equivalence， and the model of multi-infeed HVDC transmission system was constructed with using the concrete of the control and protection model of practical project. For the first time， a variety of techniques of Nanrui， Xuji and ABB for the concrete model of DC control and protection were effectively combined. According to the 1-phase or 3-phases faults occurred in the East China AC Power Grid， where six circuits were placed， including the Ge-Nan， Lin-Feng， Yi-Hua， Fu-Feng， Jin-Su and Long-Zheng DC systems， the commutation failures of DC systems and the dynamic performance of AC/DC system were studied， the statistical results of the duration of commutation failure and the DC recovery time were presented， and the exchange of reactive power between inverter station and AC system was studied during the failure and recovery period. The results show that even if HVDC commutation failures occurred in six circuits at the same time， the AC/DC system in the East China Power Grid can return to normal. Finally， the area where the 1-phase or 3-phases faults of the AC system possibly trigger the simultaneous commutation failures of DC systems to six circuits in East China Power Grid was given.
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  Model Parameter Variation of Iced Overhead Transmission Line

  LIU Genning， GUO Nian， LIANG Zichao

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 84-88. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.014

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  The icing disasters on overhead transmission line have always been a puzzle to the transmission line. The equivalent model parameters of iced transmission line will change. According to the type of wire and the spatial and temporal characteristics of the outer layer of icing, this paper made modification to unit impedance and admittance parameters of iced overhead transmission lines through the calculation of electromagnetic fields. According to the establishment of overhead line model, this paper analyzed the equivalent model of overhead transmission lines in different voltage levels and length with considering the distribution parameters. In theory, more accurate model parameters of iced overhead transmission lines were obtained.
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  Design Intensive State Warning and Diagnosis Platform for Power Data

  ZHANG Wei, DENG Yurong, WU Qiuli, TAO Songmei

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 89-93. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.015

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  Combined with practical engineering applications, the dynamic data of various types of substation equipments were collected in the provincial master platform, in order to achieve intensive state warning and diagnosis for the provincial power grid. According to the data exchange and application integration issues in the operation of state warning and diagnosis system, the hierarchical model was constructed on the J2EE platform framework；and a provincial network-level state warning and diagnostic master platform of service-oriented architecture （SOA） was built, based on common information model. Practical applications show that the operation of platform is stable, and it can effectively deal with the problem that the provincial network-level state warning and diagnostic master platform should be operated in a heterogeneous network environment because of the scale expanding of application program, as well as the compatibility problem of system data exchange.
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  Energy-Saving Potential Analysis of Distribution Network Based on Two Layered Index Models

  WANG Yuhan, FAN Ruixiang, DONG Taiqing, JIANG Fei, WANG Wenbin

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 94-99. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.016

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  Based on the operation data collection of distribution network, two layered index models for flow calculation and relational prediction were established. With energy saving indexes, the energy efficiency of distribution network was analyzed；the saving potential analysis architecture was developed based on energy saving reconstruction method. A hybrid algorithm using forward and backward substitution flow calculation and gray relational prediction method was proposed to solve the above model. Moreover, the analysis processes of energy saving potential were proposed for the energy saving reconstruction of distribution network. Finally, taking a typical 10 kV line and a small distribution network in a power supply company as examples, the effectiveness of the energy saving potential analysis model and its algorithms were verified.
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  Coordination of UHVDC Protection with Arresters Operating Characteristics

  LI Jianping， WANG Fengjiao， LU Wenhao， CHEN Wei， LONG Qi， WANG Gang

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 100-105. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.017

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  With the increase of voltage grade, the overvoltage levels of UHVDC transmission engineering also increase significantly. The setting of DC control & protection and the parameter configuration of arrester are selected from the perspective of their own choice, so it is needed to study the coordination of control & protection with arresters operating characteristics. The control strategy used for the insulation coordination research on UHVDC convertor station is often simplified control strategy recommended by CIGRE （international council on large electric systems）. The protection timing based on the simplified control strategy also has a certain difference from the practice, which may lead to a great influence on the simulation results of overvoltage and arrester. Based on the practical control & protection strategy in Yun-Guang UHVDC transmission engineering, through theory analysis and simulation, this paper studied three typical over-voltage conditions: AC-side phase-phase switching impulse, the flashover of Y winding bushing at HV valve side of converter transformer and metal loop open-circuit, as well as compared the the influence of different delay of Yun-Guang actual control & protection on the operating characteristics of arresters. In these three conditions, the coordination of Yun-Guang actual control & protection strategy with arresters can meet the operation requirements；there is still a adjustable margin in protection delay, which can provide a reference for other DC projects.
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  Distribution Network Reliability Evaluation Based on Auto-Generated FMEA Table

  WANG Haoming， WANG Zhe， LI Wei， QI Xiaohua， MAN Yuyan

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 106-110. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.018

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  Failure mode and effect analysis （FMEA） table is a commonly used tool in the reliability evaluation procedure of distribution networks. Utilizing the network coding technique, this paper proposed an auto-generation method for FMEA table, which could realize the auto-generated FMEA table for complex distribution networks with different types, and could be used to quickly calculate the reliability indices of distribution network. The proposed method established the filtering rule of network coding information of distribution network element, judged the network outage situation automatically after fault through the comparison with fault component coding, and traversed all the possible accidents to form FMEA table for reliability evaluation. With considering the capacity constraints of distributed generation （DG） under islanded mode, this method also could be applied in the FMEA auto-generation and reliability evaluation for the distribution system with new energy. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by a study case.
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  Penetration Level and Optimize Layout of Distributed Generation Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

  HU Meiyu， HU Zhijian， SHI Mengmeng

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 111-115. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.019

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  To further improve the penetration level and optimal layout of distributed generation （DG） in distribution network, the mathematical models of penetration level for a single power source and multiple power sources were established with the constraints of node voltage and line load flow, and the optimize layout model of DG was established with the target function of minimizing the active power loss. To effectively solve the models, an improved particle swarm optimization （IPSO） algorithm which combined PSO algorithm with quadratic interpolation was applied in an IEEE 33-node system. The optimal location and the optimal capacity of DG were simulated with the improved PSO, whose results were compared with that of PSO algorithm, and the power flow distribution under optimal layout was analyzed. The simulation results verify that the proposed method can effectively reduce the active power loss and improve the supply quality in distribution network after DG access.
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  Characteristic Analysis and Simulation Research on LLCL Filter of Wind-Power System Grid-Side

  SHAO Wenquan， ZHANG Yi， CHENG Yuan， YANG Yapeng， WANG Jianbo

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 116-120. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.020

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  L filter and LCL filter are often applied in wind-power system whose abilities to restrain the higher harmonic near inverter switch frequency are relatively limited. Therefore, LLCL filter was proposed, through inserting a small inductance at the capacitor branch of LCL filter, which could cause series resonance at the switch frequency, divert harmonic near the switching frequency, and then reduce the effects on the grid as many as possible. The structures and filter characteristics of L filters, LCL filters and LLCL filters were analyzed, and the design constraints of LLCL filters parameters were discussed. The simulation results show that LLCL filter can suppress higher harmonic near the switching frequency more effectively. Compared with the LCL filter, the output current from LLCL filter has fewer ripples, less harmonic near the switching frequency and less harmonic distortion under the same inductance value of filters.
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  Optimal Configuration of Distributed PV Generation Systems in Connection With Urban Distribution Network

  LU Jia, LI Tao

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 121-126. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.021

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  For the capacity and location of the photovoltaic （PV） generation system in urban distribution network, this paper adopted the incremental rate of active and reactive power network loss to determine the location accessing to PV generation system, and put forward the comprehensive micro incremental rate to ensure the minimum network loss of urban distribution network system. At the same time, a multi-objective programming method was proposed for the distribution network accessing to PV generation system, which adopted the economic cost, network loss, environment and voltage quality of PV generation system in distribution network as evaluation indexes to construct a multi-objective function. The binary particle swarm optimization （BPSO） algorithm with auxiliary search space was proposed to solve the function, whose results were verified by IEEE-30 simulation system. The simulation results show that this method can realize the reasonable and optimal configuration of distribution network system.
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  Deviation Electric Quantity Processing Method in Cross-Regional Grids Transmission Trading

  SHANG Chao, DING Jianyong, XIE Deng, YANG Dongjun, HU Ting

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 127-130. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.022

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  Deviation electric quantity processing method, which will affect the traders economic interests, is one of the core issues in the electricity market transaction settlement. Through analyzing theoretical research and practical application method, a deviation electric quantity processing method was proposed in allusion to the current settlement and management of a certain cross-regional UHV transmission system, which allocated the deviation electric quantity in proportion of the scheduling value. Case study indicates that the method has good transparency and operability, and is better able to balance the interests of parties to the transaction.
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  Economic Comparison of AC/DC Power Transmission System for Submarine Cables

  CHENG Binjie, XU Zheng, XUAN Yaowei ZHENG Xinlong

  ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION. 2014, 35(12): 131-136. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2014.12.023

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  In order to select a suitable way for submarine power transmission system with cables, discounted cash flow model was used to compare DC system and AC system from an economic perspective. The costs of DC/AC submarine transmission system were analyzed from three aspects： investment cost, maintenance cost and loss cost, and the calculation methods of each kind of cost were presented. In the case of submarine cable system connecting an offshore wind farm and onshore grid, the economies of DC/AC submarine transmission systems with different transmission distances were compared, and the comparison results were obtained. The results indicate that the cost of DC submarine transmission system is higher than AC submarine transmission system when transmission distance is short, while in the case that the distance is beyond a certain level, DC submarine transmission system will have economic advantage.