01 September 2017, Volume 38 Issue 9

    

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   Shared Economy Model of Charging Pile Based on Block Chain Ecosystem

  QI Linhai, LI Xue, QI Bing,WANG Hong

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 1. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.001

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   ABSTRACT： Charge pile sharing is an innovative service mode to solve charging problems. This paper analyzes the drawbacks of the centralized sharing platform in credit system, information security, revenue distribution and data sharing, and points out that the block chain technology, which has the characteristics of distributed point-to-point, de-centralization, consensus trust mechanism and information immutability, is the ideal choice for implementing sharing system. Since individual technology is difficult to meet the diverse needs of complex application systems, a number of technical interactions need to be used to complement each other. Based on block chain, lightning network and smart contract technology, this paper proposes a block chain ecosystem to build a secure, efficient and automated sharing platform. Combining electric vehicle charging scenarios, this paper presents the establishment of the payment network based on the lightning network and the realization of the smart contract based on the hash key verification. Finally, the application possibility of energy block chain in the aspects of electricity sales management, demand response management and new energy accommodation is discussed.

   
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   Cloud Service Mode Analysis of Smart Electricity Based on Block Chain

  LI Bin, XIAO Hui, WEN Yafeng, LI Dezhi, CHEN Songsong, YANG Bin, CUI Gaoying

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 8. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.002

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   ABSTRACT：  The rapid development of information technology presents a new connotation and business development ideas for the smart electricity. According to the future potential trading modes and existing problems of smart electricity, this paper presents a novel cloud service of smart electricity based on block chain technology. By analyzing the technical principle of the block chain and the technical requirements faced by the smart electricity service, the position of the block chain technology in smart electricity is clarified. Based on the European smart grid architecture model （SGAM） model, a sub-domain model of smart electricity with block chain is designed and a concrete example is given with the example of renewable energy transaction. Finally this paper analyzes the technical problems faced by the future block chain technology to support the smart electricity cloud service and presents the solution.

   
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   Interprovincial Generation Rights Trading Model Based on Blockchain Technology 

  SHI Quansheng，LIU Kun，WEN Mi

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 15. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.003

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   ABSTRACT：  The blockchain technology has been used in wild fields since it emerged. As a part of electricity market, the generation right trading has been comprehensively investigated in China in recent years . Using blockchain technology into generation right trading can solve the trust problem within generation right transaction, and enhance trading information security as well as transaction efficiency. This paper explains the procedure of blockchain technology application in generation right trading and analyses the executive condition of smart contact. Meanwhile, it constructs an interprovincial generation right trading model, which takes economic benefits and cost-saving into consideration, and proposes the correction model based on the difference between power transmission and coal transportation cost in interprovincial generation right trading. Finally, this paper verifies the proposed model through examples, compares the comprehensive benefits of three generation right trading models, obtains the advantages of the proposed model and analyzes the the result of smart contact application in value transfer.

   
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   Blockchain Based Energy Trading in Energy Internet

  CAI Jinqi, LI Shuxian, FAN Bing, TANG Liangrui

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 24. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.004

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   ABSTRACT：  Blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin, and is characterized by fairness, transparency and decentralization. While the energy Internet has some new features which are openness, interconnection, user-centricity, distribution, sharing and equality, the trading model in energy Internet will transform into distributed model from the centralized one. And the characteristics of blockchain technology make it suitable for energy trading in the energy Internet. First, this paper analyses the characteristics of energy trading in the existing energy system, and the problems of new energy trading model in the energy Internet. Second, a three-tiered energy trading architecture based on blockchain is designed according to the existing researches and analysis, in which the less-centralized management is introduced to handle with problems and difficulties brought by decentralization. Finally, the problems and challenges in the application of blockchain in energy trading are analyzed and summarized.

   
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   Applications and Prospect of Virtual Power Plant in Distributed Photovoltaic Generation Application Demonstration Area

   

  HONG Bowen, LI Qionghui, HE Yongsheng, HUANG Bibin, ZHENG Zhanghua

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 32. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.005

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   ABSTRACT：  With the development of new energy city and photovoltaic generation application demonstration area, a high penetration of distributed generation appears, which brings new operation and management issues to regional power grid. The virtual power plant （VPP） provides a feasible solution to these issues with the innovative operation mode. Based on the analysis of the concept, characteristics, structure and function of VPP, this paper focuses on the research and discussion of the application of VPP in the distributed photovoltaic generation application demonstration area, and analyzes its application prospect and preconditions. Finally, this paper proposes some key issues on the future development of VPP.

   
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   Joint Optimal Dispatch for Power Distribution Network with Energy Storage Virtual Power Plant

   

  HUANG Lingran, BIAN Xiaoyan, LI Dongdong, LIN Shunfu

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 38. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.006

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   ABSTRACT：  To solve the challenges and economic problems of power distribution network caused by the uncertainty of the energy, it is very important to study the model of the joint optimal dispatch unit commitment of the virtual power plant （VPP） integrated with intermittent distributed energy to improve the operation security and the utilization of new energy. This paper proposes an improved Buckets method considering the operation characteristics of wind power and energy storage, and establishes an optimal unit commitment model of power distribution network, taking into account the uncertainty of the wind power and VPP with energy storage system. Based on the 6-node system, this paper studies the impact of the improved Buckets method on the cost of power generation and unit commitment. Compared with the traditional Buckets method, the proposed method can reduce the generation cost and starting up time of the model, which shows that the method can realize the optimal cost, the full use of wind power and the flexible use of energy storage.

   
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   Economic and Environmental Dispatching in Electric Vehicles Embedded Virtual Power Plants with Participation in Carbon Trading

   

  LIU Zuoyu, QI Feng, WEN Fushuan, ZHANG Xizhu, WANG Lei

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 45. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.007

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   ABSTRACT： A well-designed carbon trading mechanism represents an efficient way to achieve the pre-defined carbon reduction target, while the wide applications of electric vehicles （EVs） could contribute to significant environment benefits. Given this background, a virtual power plant （VPP） including EVs, gas turbines, wind power units, photovoltaic units with participation in carbon trading is examined, and an economic and environmental optimal dispatching model is presented. First, the carbon trading mechanism is briefly described, and the optimal dispatching problem for a VPP participating in carbon trading as well as the interaction mode between the VPP and the power system concerned are discussed. A mixed integer quadratic programming （MIQP） model for the economic and environmental dispatching problem of the VPP is next established, with an objective of maximizing the total profit and considering the generation costs of gas turbines, carbon emission costs as well as charging/discharging costs of EVs. Finally, the well-developed commercial solver YALMIP/CPLEX is employed to solve the established optimization model, and numerical examples are served for demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

   
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   An Environmental/Economic Dispatch Model for Conventional Power Plants and Virtual Power Plants Considering Pollutant Emission Constraint

   

  LIU Ran, ZHAO Hongshan

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 53. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.008

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   ABSTRACT：    To effectively achieve the goal of distributed energy resource （DER） units participating in the power system energy market, and strongly activate the flexible energy supply potential of load side, this paper firstly introduces virtual power plant （VPP） to manage the DER as an agent model, and establishes the external characteristics of the VPP based on the component characteristic analysis. Then, based on the hotspot of the economic/environmental issues faced by the current power industry, this paper establishes the environmental/economic dispatch （EED） quadratically constraint quadratic programming （QCQP） model between conventional power plants （CPPs） and VPPs, considering the pollutant emission constraint. Next, this paper introduces the functions of CPLEX optimization engine and YALMIP software package, and adopts the way of modeling and solving separately to solve the model. Finally, the simulation of the improved 10-unit system is carried out to verify the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed model.

   
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  Coordination and Optimization Strategy of VPP Considering Demand Response and Multi-Energy Coordination

  WANG Zhe，YANG Peng，LIU Siyuan，CHU Zhenrong，AI Qian

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 60. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.009

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   ABSTRACT：  With the development of energy internet, source-grid-load interaction and multi-energy interaction （such as heat, power, etc.） have become an effective approach to improve the reliability and efficiency of distributed energy resource （DER） system. This paper uses virtual power plant （VPP） to coordinate the operation of each unit, and introduces source-grid-load interaction model to describe the electricity trading and the mutual support between different types of power and loads. Then, this paper introduces combined heat and power （CHP） system, and establishes a multi-energy based interactive optimization model considering demand response （DR） to realize the coordinated interaction of VPP. With considering the maximization of VPP revenue and the minimization of the thermal/load compensation cost of power company, this paper constructs the multi-objective interactive optimization model, and uses genetic algorithm to solve the model. The case study shows the effectiveness of the strategy and model.

   
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   Post-Evaluation of Demand Response Effects in Virtual Power Plant Based on Credit Rating

  XIE Chang, WANG Beibei, LI Ran, JI Wenlu

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 67. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.010

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   ABSTRACT：    Incentive-based demand response based virtual power plant （IBDR-VPP） is a collection of a large number of incentive based demand response users. According to user participation, incentive based demand response （IBDR） can be divided into emergency type and economic type. Before the demand response event occurs, the virtual power plant （VPP） needs to filter user and distributes response capacity to them. Considering uncertainty of demand response, VPP prefers users who own good historical response performance to reduce the economic loss caused. Therefore, it is urgent to find an effective response effect post-evaluation method to provide guidance for the evaluation and selection of users. This paper extracts four basic evaluation indexes of response effect from the domestic and foreign literature； according to the different tendency of emergency and economic response to each basic index, proposes the comprehensive evaluation index of single response effect, based on which the evaluation system of credit rating is designed. Finally, the example results show that the proposed post-evaluation method of demand response effect can be used to select the better response users.

   
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   A Multi-Delay Self-Coherence Method for Detecting Sustained Oscillations Using PMU Data

  GHORBANIPARVAR Mohammadreza, ZHOU Ning

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 73. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.011

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   ABSTRACT：  Oscillations in power systems often herald stability problems and incur stability concerns. Therefore, it is important to detect oscillations at their early stages so that effective remedial actions can be taken in time. Previously, a self-coherence method was proposed to detect sustained oscillations using phasor measurement unit （PMU） data. This paper extends the self-coherence method by introducing multiple time-delay to improve the oscillation detection accuracy. Simulation data from a simple model and the 16-machine 68-bus model are generated and used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Using hypothesis testing, it is shown that the proposed multi-delay method can effectively increase the accuracy of oscillation detection.

   
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  New Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Topology and Its Reliability Analysis

   

  ZHU Yongqiang, TANG Qi, JIA Lihu

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 81. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.012

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  ABSTRACT：   Hybrid AC/DC microgrid combines the advantages of AC microgrid and DC microgrid, which is one of the future trends of smart grid development. The topology and reliability research are the basis of hybrid AC/DC microgrid development. Based on the existing microgrid topology and the composition and operation mode of hybrid AC/DC microgrid, this paper proposes three new types of hybrid AC/DC microgrids, which are one-to-many （an AC microgrid and multiple DC microgrids）, many-to-one and many-to-many. According to the characteristics of the three types of topologies, the respective application scenarios are pointed out. Based on the reliability analysis method of distribution network, the reliability calculation method of hybrid AC/DC microgrid is put forward by considering the distributed power supply and the operation of micro-grid islanding. The reliabilities of the proposed three types of topologies are analyzed and compared through an example.

   
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   Data Analysis Model for Demand Response System and Its Application

  LI Bin, ZHOU Qiuyan, CHEN Songsong, CUI Gaoying, QI Bing, SUN Yi

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 88. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.013

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   ABSTRACT： According to the latest evolution of domestic smart grid user interface, this paper analyzes the information standardization of demand side data. The information exchange interface and information model are extended based on IEC PC 118 to support demand response （DR） business and realize the big data evaluation method for supporting DR implementation effect. We analyze the DR dynamic operating index from aspects of industry category dimension, time dimension, response dimensions, etc. Through introducing the knowledge discovery in database （KDD） discover in traditional data correlation analysis, we construct the weak association under different confidence intervals. Besides, in order to reduce the practical computation requirement, we adopt pruning techniques in analysis process to improve the running performance. Finally, we verify the proposed model through the load model of typical energy enterprises, and analyze the potential key factors of DR system implementation effect, which can provide the necessary technical support for the use-side energy management, distribution network scheduling and hird-party energy aggregator management of future smart grid.

   
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   An Dynamic Emergency Capacity-Increase Method for Transmission Lines Considering Load Capacity of Equipment

  HE Di, WANG Bo, ZHANG Yu, XU Yibin, GUO Chuangxin

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 95. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.014

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   ABSTRACT：    It is of great significance to fully utilize dynamic emergency capacity-increase capability of transmission lines, which can help avoiding equipment damage due to overload, ensuring power system reliability and reserving time for dispatch adjustment. On the basis of current research, this paper proposes a dynamic capacity-increase method for transmission lines with considering the load capacity of equipment. In an emergency scene, lines are picked by congestion analysis and their load capacities under the constraints of line temperature, failure probability, failure contribution and individual loss are analyzed. In combination with micro-meteorological information we could acquire tailored emergency capacity-increase plans under different application scenes. The case study quantitatively shows the calculation procedure of emergency capacity-increase plan under the constraint of load capacity, as well as the effect of load capacity on capacity-increase strategy. This method can fully consider the effects on load capacity from equipment status, meteorological environment and operating condition, provide tailored capacity-increase strategy according to the load capacity of equipment and instruct dispatchers to increase or limit capacity.

   
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   Event-Triggered Based Sub-Synchronous Supplementary Damping Control Method of DFIG 

  CAO Chengsha, XIAO Xiangning, ZHANG Jian

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 103. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.015

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   ABSTRACT：  To fast and accurately estimate, and effectively mitigate sub-synchronous control interaction （SSCI） problems which occurs when the doubly-fed induction generator （DFIG） is connected to series compensation transmission system, this paper firstly analyzes the function path of SSCI and presents its occurrence criterion through the mathematical deduction. Then, based on this criterion, this paper puts forward a SSCI event-triggered based sub-synchronous supplementary damping control strategy of DFIG, and proposes the sub-synchronous frequency extraction method for rapid detection demand； adds hysteresis link to solve the misjudgment problems caused by generator parameter uncertainty and improve the robustness of the method； designs a band- pass filter for smoothing phase-frequency characteristics and improves the applicability of the control method to frequency varying SSCI problems. Finally, the simulation results from PSCAD/EMTDC indicate that the proposed control method still has good damping ability for SSCI when the wind speed or the series compensation degree changes, and even when the generator parameters are inaccurate. At the same time, when there is no SSCI risk, the supplementary damping control will quit operation according to the introduced SSCI event judging mechanism, so it will not influence the main control function of the DFIG inverter. Compared with the existing supplementary damping control methods, the proposed method still has better mitigation effect with higher compensation level.

   
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   A Hybrid Energy Storage Smoothing Control Strategy Based on Dynamic Wavelet Transform

  ZHU Yuwei, LYU Lin, LIU Youbo, ZHOU Chunyan, ZHANG Yongqing

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 111. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.016

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   ABSTRACT：    To smooth minute-level wind power fluctuation and make wind power satisfy the grid standard, this paper proposes a control strategy of hybrid energy storage system （HESS） with the power allotment levels adjusting dynamically based on wavelet analysis. And this paper designs a method of frequency division that the pwer allotment levels adjust according to the result of wind power short-term prediction and the state of charge （SOC） of HESS, which can change the low-frequency target power into power grid, as well as the middle and high frequency power absorbed by battery and super capacitor respectively. Then, this paper establishes a multi-objective optimization function considering the control cost and smoothness of HESS, and applies improved NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm to achieve rolling optimization, calculate the optimal power allotment levels and obtain the optimal control strategy. This paper improves elitism strategy to overcome the shortage of basic NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm in maintaining population diversity, the lack of uniformity and large population size problem. Finally, case studies through the actual observation data of a wind farm in the United States demonstrate that the proposed control strategy takes advantage of different types of energy storage and smooths the fluctuation quickly and economically.

   
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   Robust Control Method of Hybrid Energy Storage

   

  YANG Kaidi, JU Rong, DOU Xiaobo, YUAN Xiaodong,CHEN Feng, JIANG Shuiming

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 120. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.017

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   ABSTRACT：   In the view of the traditional hybrid energy storage convertor design basing on accurate model without considering the uncertainties （such as super capacitor terminal voltage and load）, this paper proposes a robust H-infinity controller. Based on the established state space model and the selected uncertainties, we use convex optimization theory to design a multi cell model of super capacitor （SC） and lithium battery （LB）. The power allocation is achieved by the first order low-pass filter （LPF） when the change of the uncertainty leads to the moving of the steady working point, which leads to the fluctuation of the bus voltage. SC deals with the high frequency fluctuation and LB deals with low frequency fluctuations. We minimize the impact of uncertainties changes on the bus voltage by combining with the designed H-infinity controller, and adopt regional pole assignment method to improve the dynamic response. Then, we use the linear matrix inequality （LMI） to obtain the H-infinity control state feedback control parameters of SC and LB. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method has been proved by MATLAB experiment.

   
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   Review on Key Issues of Releasing Incremental Distribution Network Investment Business

  HOU Jia, WU Zhili，CUI Kai

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 127. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.018

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   ABSTRACT：    The first pilot project approval of increment distribution investment business marks this work stepping into the implementation stage from the top-level design. To carry out the increment distribution business in mixed ownership way can not only enlarge the state-owned capital investment ability, but also promote the efficiency of distribution network operation on the basis of power supply security. For pushing incremental distribution network development and scientificly guiding investment behavior, further research need to be conducted in aspects of investment subject selection, incremental distribution network price verification, incremental distribution network management pattern, etc. Through the domestic existing research, this paper discusses the key problems of the incremental distribution network business definition, investment mode, project management, operation mode, the difference between the incremental distribution network business and electricity sale-side business, and summarizes the existing problems. Finally, this paper prospects the development of incremental distribution business, which can provide references for the reform mode and path of incremental distribution business, and has  certain practical significance.

   
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   Electricity Market Partitioning Strategy Based on Locational Marginal Price

   

  SONG Sibo，GUO Hongxia，YANG Ping，LU Zhilin，XU Zhirong，HE Ting

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 132. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.019

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  ABSTRACT：    With the acceleration of electricity market reform in China, the regional long-term electricity market gradually matures, and the spot market is becoming the breaking point of the deepen reform of electric power. This paper researches the locational marginal price （LMP） in spot market. Based on the electric reform policies of each province, we analyze the calculation method of LMP under the optimal power flow, use the prediction-correction original-interior-point method to optimize it and build a simulation model in Psat to verify it. Based on the regional influence of blockage on LMP, this paper proposes a partitioning strategy for spot market    by considering the regional distance, the bidding of power generation enterprises and the LMP. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy can be applied to spot market partition, which can clearly reflect the price signal of electricity market, provide investment direction for power generation enterprises and power consumers, and promote the orderly development of power spot market.

   
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   Investment Risk Analysis of Power Grid Enterprises Under Incremental Distribution Businesses Opening

  MA Qian, WANG Chen, LI Yang, WANG Zhe, ZHOU Lei

  Electric Power Construction. 2017, 38(9): 139. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7229.2017.09.020

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   ABSTRACT：   The new electricity reform policies proposes that the incremental distribution business should be orderly released and more social capital should be encouraged to invest incremental distribution network, which brings a lot of influences for power grid enterprises on traditional distribution investment, including the scale of investment, the focus of investment, the efficiency of investment and the risk of investment, etc. This paper analyzes the uncertainty on the distribution investment of power grid enterprises caused by new electricity reform policies, and in response to this uncertainty and reduce the investment risk, studies the risk assessment method of incremental distribution network investment of power grid enterprises under power market. This paper mainly considers the investment risk of distribution and sale integration operation mode, discusses and anlyzes two types of typical incremental distribution pilot cases. Finally, this paper proposes the investment risk analysis and countermeasures for power grid enterprises under the opening of the incremental distribution businesses.